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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY.....................................................1
CHAPTER II
THE VEDAS, BRĀHMANAS AND THEIR PHILOSOPHY
1 The Vedas and their antiquity.................................10
2 The place of the Vedas in the Hindu mind......................10
3 Classification of the Vedic literature........................11
4 The Samhitās.................................................12
5 The Brāhmanas................................................13
6 The Āranyakas................................................14
7 The Rg-Veda, its civilization................................14
8 The Vedic gods................................................16
9 Polytheism, Henotheism, and Monotheism........................17
10 Growth of a Monotheistic tendency; Prajāpati, Vis'vakarma.....19
11 Brahma........................................................20
12 Sacrifice; the First Rudiments of the Law of Karma............21
13 Cosmogony--Mythological and Philosophical.....................23
14 Eschatology; the Doctrine of Ātman............................25
15 Conclusion....................................................26
CHAPTER III
THE EARLIER UPANISADS (700 B.C.-600 B.C.)
1 The place of the Upanisads in Vedic literature...............28
2 The names of the Upanisads; Non-Brahmanic influence..........30
3 Brāhmanas and the Early Upanisads...........................31
4 The meaning of the word Upanisad.............................38
5 The composition and growth of diverse Upanisads..............38
6 Revival of Upanisad studies in modern times..................39
7 The Upanisads and their interpretations......................41
8 The quest after Brahman: the struggle and the failures........42
9 Unknowability of Brahman and the Negative Method..............44
10 The Ātman doctrine............................................45
11 Place of Brahman in the Upanisads............................48
12 The World.....................................................51
13 The World-Soul................................................52
14 The Theory of Causation.......................................52
15 Doctrine of Transmigration....................................53
16 Emancipation..................................................58
CHAPTER IV
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
1 In what sense is A History Of Indian Philosophy possible?......62
2 Growth of the Philosophic Literature...........................65
3 The Indian systems of Philosophy...............................67
4 Some fundamental points of agreement...........................71
1 _The Karma theory_.........................................71
2 _The Doctrine of Mukti_....................................74
3 _The Doctrine of Soul_.....................................75
5 The Pessimistic Attitude towards the World and the Optimistic
Faith in the end...............................................75
6 Unity in Indian Sādhana (philosophical, religious and ethical
endeavours)....................................................77
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CHAPTER V
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
1 The State of Philosophy in India before Buddha.................78
2 Buddha: his Life...............................................81
3 Early Buddhist Literature......................................82
4 The Doctrine of Causal Connection of early Buddhism............84
5 The Khandhas...................................................93
6 Avijjā and Āsava...............................................99
7 Sīla and Samādhi..............................................100
8 Kamma.........................................................106
9 Upanisads and Buddhism.......................................109
10 The Schools of Theravāda Buddhism.............................112
11 Mahāyānism....................................................125
12 The Tathatā Philosophy of As'vaghosa (80 A.D.)...............129
13 The Mādhyamika or the Sūnyavāda school--Nihilism..............138
14 Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijńānavāda Buddhism.145
15 Sautrāntika theory of Perception..............................151
16 Sautrāntika theory of Inference...............................155
17 The Doctrine of Momentariness.................................158
18 The Doctrine of Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal
Efficiency (Arthakriyākāritva)..................................163
19 Some Ontological Problems on which the Different Indian Systems
diverged........................................................164
20 Brief Survey of the Evolution of Buddhist Thought.............166
CHAPTER VI
THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY
1 The Origin of Jainism.........................................169
2 Two Sects of Jainism..........................................170
3 The Canonical and other Literature of the Jains...............171
4 Some General Characteristics of the Jains.....................172
5 Life of Mahāvīra..............................................173
6 The Fundamental Ideas of Jaina Ontology.......................173
7 The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (Anekāntavāda).............175
8 The Doctrine of Nāyas.........................................176
9 The Doctrine of Syādvāda......................................179
10 Knowledge, its value for us...................................181
11 Theory of Perception..........................................183
12 Non-Perceptual knowledge......................................185
13 Knowledge as Revelation.......................................186
14 The Jīvas.....................................................188
15 Karma Theory..................................................190
16 Karma, Āsrava and Nirjarā.....................................192
17 Pudgala.......................................................195
18 Dharma, Adharma, Ākās'a.......................................197
19 Kāla and Samaya...............................................198
20 Jaina Cosmography.............................................199
21 Jaina Yoga....................................................199
22 Jaina Atheism.................................................203
23 Moksa (emancipation).........................................207
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CHAPTER VII
THE KAPILA AND THE PĀTAŃJALA SĀMKHYA (YOGA)
1 A Review......................................................208
2 The Germs of Sāmkhya in the Upanisads.......................211
3 Sāmkhya and Yoga Literature..................................212
4 An Early School of Sāmkhya...................................213
5 Sāmkhya kārikā, Sāmkhya sūtra, Vācaspati Mis'ra and Vijńāna
Bhiksu..........................................................222
6 Yoga and Patańjali............................................226
7 The Sāmkhya and the Yoga doctrine of Soul or Purusa..........238
8 Thought and Matter............................................241
9 Feelings, the Ultimate Substances.............................242
10 The Gunas.....................................................243
11 Prakrti and its evolution...................................245
12 Pralaya and the disturbance of the Prakrti Equilibrium.......247
13 Mahat and Ahamkāra............................................248
14 The Tanmātras and the Paramāńus...............................251
15 Principle of Causation and Conservation of Energy.............254
16 Change as the formation of new collocations...................255
17 Causation as Satkāryavāda (the theory that the effect
potentially exists before it is generated by the movement
of the cause)...................................................257
18 Sāmkhya Atheism and Yoga Theism..............................258
19 Buddhi and Purusa.............................................259
20 The Cognitive Process and some characteristics of Citta.......261
21 Sorrow and its Dissolution....................................264
22 Citta.........................................................268
23 Yoga Purificatory Practices (Parikarma).......................270
24 The Yoga Meditation...........................................271
CHAPTER VIII
THE NYĀYA-VAISESIKA PHILOSOPHY
1 Criticism of Buddhism and Sāmkhya from the Nyāya standpoint...274
2 Nyāya and Vais'esika sūtras...................................276
3 Does Vais'esika represent an old school of Mīmāmsā?..........280
4 Philosophy in the Vais'esika sūtras...........................285
5 Philosophy in the Nyāya sūtras.................................294
6 Philosophy of Nyāya sūtras and Vais'esika sūtras..............301
7 The Vais'esika and Nyāya Literature...........................305
8 The main doctrine of the Nyāya-Vais'esika Philosophy..........310
9 The six Padārthas: Dravya, Guna, Karma, Sāmānya, Vis'esa,
Samavāya........................................................313
10 The Theory of Causation.......................................319
11 Dissolution (Pralaya) and Creation (Srsti).................323
12 Proof of the Existence of Is'vara.............................325
13 The Nyāya-Vais'esika Physics.................................326
14 The Origin of Knowledge (Pramāna)............................330
15 The four Pramānas of Nyāya...................................332
16 Perception (Pratyaksa).......................................333
17 Inference.....................................................343
18 Upamāna and S'abda............................................354
19 Negation in Nyāya-Vais'esika.................................355
20 The necessity of the Acquirement of debating devices for
the seeker of Salvation.........................................360
21 The Doctrine of Soul..........................................362
22 Īs'vara and Salvation.........................................363
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CHAPTER IX
MĪMĀMSĀ PHILOSOPHY
1 A Comparative Review...........................................367
2 The Mīmāmsā Literature........................................369
3 The Paratah-prāmānya doctrine of Nyāya and the
Svatah-prāmānya doctrine of Mīmāmsā..........................372
4 The place of Sense-organs in Perception........................375
5 Indeterminate and Determinate Perception.......................378
6 Some Ontological Problems connected with the Doctrine of
Perception......................................................379
7 The Nature of Knowledge........................................382
8 The Psychology of Illusion.....................................384
9 Inference......................................................387
10 Upamāna, Arthāpatti...........................................391
11 S'abda-pramāna...............................................394
12 The Pramāna of Non-perception (anupalabdhi)..................397
13 Self, Salvation, and God......................................399
14 Mīmāmsā as Philosophy and Mimāmsā as Ritualism..............403
CHAPTER X
THE S'ANKARA SCHOOL OF VEDĀNTA
1 Comprehension of the Philosophical Issues more essential than
the Dialectic of Controversy....................................406
2 The philosophical situation: a Review..........................408
3 Vedānta Literature.............................................418
4 Vedānta in Gaudapāda..........................................420
5 Vedānta and Sankara (788-820 A.D.)............................429
6 The main idea of the Vedānta philosophy........................439
7 In what sense is the world-appearance false?...................443
8 The nature of the world-appearance, phenomena..................445
9 The Definition of Ajńāna (nescience)...........................452
10 Ajńāna established by Perception and Inference................454
11 Locus and Object of Ajńāna, Ahamkāra and Antahkarana.......457
12 Anirvācyavāda and the Vedānta dialectic.......................461
13 The Theory of Causation.......................................465
14 Vedānta theory of Perception and Inference....................470
15 Ātman, Jīva, Is'vara, Ekajīvavāda and Drstisrstivāda....474
16 Vedānta theory of Illusion....................................485
17 Vedānta Ethics and Vedānta Emancipation.......................489
18 Vedānta and other Indian systems..............................492
INDEX............................................................495
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