Right Effort

Compiled by Jayaram V

What is Right Effort?

"And what, monks, is right effort?

[i] "There is the case where a monk generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds & exerts his intent for the sake of the non-arising of evil, unskillful qualities that have not yet arisen.

[ii] "He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds & exerts his intent for the sake of the abandonment of evil, unskillful qualities that have arisen.

[iii] "He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds & exerts his intent for the sake of the arising of skillful qualities that have not yet arisen.

[iv] "He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds & exerts his intent for the maintenance, non-confusion, increase, plenitude, development, & culmination of skillful qualities that have arisen: This, monks, is called right effort." — SN XLV.8

Right Effort consists of the Four Great Efforts: the effort to avoid, to overcome, to develop, and to maintain.

I. The effort to avoid

It consists of avoiding the arising of evil and worthless things, and such things that are yet to come. Such an effort involves striving, putting forth ones energy, straining ones mind and struggling. Thus when a disciples comes into contact with an object through his senses, he neither clings to its whole nor to its parts. He persistently pushes away that through which evil and worthless things, greed and sorrow arise when his senses are unguarded.

He keeps a strict watch on his senses and restrains them. With such a control over his senses, he experiences inward joy which no evil can penetrate. Possessed of this noble "Control over the Senses," he experiences inwardly a feeling of joy, into which no evil thing can enter. This is called the effort to avoid.

II. The effort to Overcome

It consists of inciting the mind to overcome evil and sinful things that are already there. In this effort he strives, puts forth his energy, strains his mind and struggles. He expels all thoughts of sensual lust, feelings of ill-will, grief, or any other evil or sinful states that may have arisen. By his efforts he abandons them, dispels them, destroys them and makes them disappear.

The Five Methods of Expelling Evil Thoughts

How he drives away sinful thoughts and makes them disappear during the effort to overcome is described below.

1. If, a certain object is responsible for some evil or sinful thought connected with greed, anger and delusion, then the disciple by means of this object should gain another wholesome object.

2. He should reflect upon such thoughts as unwholesome, blamable or painful.

3. He should not pay any attention to such thoughts.

4. He should consider the compound nature of these thoughts.

5. With clenched teeth and pressing tongue against the gums, he should mentally restrain, suppress and root out such thoughts.

When the disciple practices these five methods, the evil and demeritorious thoughts of greed, anger and delusion will dissolve and disappear. The mind would turn inwardly and become settled and calm, composed and concentrated.

III. The effort to Develop.

In this effort the disciple strives to create in himself meritorious conditions that have not yet arisen. He strives, spends his energy, strains his mind and struggle to achieve this. Through solitude, detachment, extinction of all desires and deliverance from birth and rebirth, he develops the "Elements of Enlightenment" namely, Attentiveness, an Enquiry into the Law, Energy, Bliss, Tranquility, Concentration and Equanimity. This is known as the effort to develop.

IV. The effort to Maintain

In this the disciple strives his will to maintain the meritorious conditions that are already in existence, so that they would not disappear but would grow, mature and reach the stage of full perfection. To achieve this he strives, spends his energy, strains his mind and struggles.