This glossary covers many of the Pali words and
concepts used in Buddhism and Buddhist teachings. The most
common spellings are listed first, followed by alternates. The
phonetic (Velthuis) spelling of the Pali is given in the square
brackets immediately following the headword.
A
Abhidhamma [abhidhamma]: (1) In the discourses of the Pali
canon, this term simply
means "higher Dhamma," and a systematic attempt to define the Buddha's teachings
and understand their interrelationships. (2) A later collection of analytical treatises
based on lists of categories drawn from the teachings in the discourses, added to
the Canon several centuries after the Buddha's life.
abhiñña [abhi~n~naa]: Intuitive powers that come from the practice of concentration:
the ability to display psychic powers, clairvoyance, clairaudience, the ability
to know the thoughts of others, recollection of past lifetimes, and the knowledge
that does away with mental effluents (see asava).
acariya [aacariya]: Teacher; mentor. See kalyanamitta.
adhitthana [adhi.t.thaana]: Determination; resolution. One of the ten perfections
(paramis).
ajaan, ajahn, achaan, etc.: (Thai). Teacher; mentor. Equivalent to the Pali acariya.
akaliko [akaaliko]: Timeless; unconditioned by time or season.
akusala [akusala]: Unwholesome, unskillful, demeritorious. See its opposite,
kusala.
anagami [anaagaamii]: Non-returner. A person who has abandoned the five lower
fetters that bind the mind to the cycle of rebirth (see samyojana), and who after
death will appear in one of the Brahma worlds called the Pure Abodes, there to attain
nibbana, never again to return to this world.
anapanasati [aanaapaanasati]: Mindfulness of breathing. A meditation practice
in which one maintains one's attention and mindfulness on the sensations of breathing.
anatta [anattaa]: Not-self; ownerless.
anicca [anicca]: Inconstant; unsteady; impermanent.
anupadisesa-nibbana [anupaadisesa-nibbaana]: Nibbana with no fuel remaining (the
analogy is to an extinguished fire whose embers are cold) — the nibbana of the arahant
after his passing away. Cf. sa-upadisesa-nibbana.
anupubbi-katha [aanupubbii-kathaa]: Gradual instruction. The Buddha's method
of teaching Dhamma that guides his listeners progressively through increasingly
advanced topics: generosity (see dana), virtue (see sila), heavens, drawbacks, renunciation,
and the four noble truths.
anusaya [anusaya]: Obsesssion; underlying tendency. (The etymology of this term
means "lying down with"; in actual usage, the related verb (anuseti) means to be
obsessed.) There are seven major obsessions to which the mind returns over and over
again: obsession with sensual passion (kama-raganusaya), with resistance (patighanusaya),
with views (ditthanusaya), with uncertainty (vicikicchanusaya), with conceit (manusaya),
with passion for becoming (bhava-raganusaya), and with ignorance (avijjanusaya).
Compare samyojana.
apaya-bhumi [apaaya-bhuumi]: State of deprivation; the four lower levels of existence
into which one might be reborn as a result of past unskillful actions (see kamma):
rebirth in hell, as a hungry ghost (see peta), as an angry demon (see Asura), or
as a common animal. None of these states is permanent. Compare sugati.
appamada [appamaada]: Heedfulness; diligence; zeal. The cornerstone of all skillful
mental states, and one of such fundamental import that the Buddha's stressed it
in his parting words to his disciples:"All fabrications are subject to decay. Bring
about completion by being heedful!" (appamaadena sampaadetha).
arahant [arahant]: A "worthy one" or "pure one"; a person whose mind is free
of defilement (see kilesa), who has abandoned all ten of the fetters that bind the
mind to the cycle of rebirth (see samyojana), whose heart is free of mental effluents
(see asava), and who is thus not destined for further rebirth. A title for the Buddha
and the highest level of his noble disciples.
arammana [aaramma.na]: Preoccupation; mental object.
ariya [ariya]: Noble, ideal. Also, a "Noble One" (see ariya-puggala).
ariyadhana [ariyadhana]: Noble Wealth; qualities that serve as 'capital' in the
quest for liberation: conviction (see saddha), virtue (see sila), conscience, fear
of evil, erudition, generosity (see dana), and discernment (see pañña).
ariya-puggala [ariya-puggala]: Noble person; enlightened individual. An individual
who has realized at least the lowest of the four noble paths (see magga) or their
fruitions (see phala). Compare puthujjana (worldling).
ariya-sacca [ariya-sacca]: Noble Truth. The word "ariya" (noble) can also mean
ideal or standard, and in this context means "objective" or "universal" truth. There
are four: stress, the origin of stress, the disbanding of stress, and the path of
practice leading to the disbanding of stress.
asava [aasava]: Mental effluent, pollutant, or fermentation. Four qualities —
sensuality, views, becoming, and ignorance — that "flow out" of the mind and create
the flood of the round of death and rebirth.
asubha [asubha]: Unattractiveness, loathsomeness, foulness. The Buddha recommends
contemplation of this aspect of the body as an antidote to lust and complacency.
See also kayagata-sati.
Asura [asura]: A race of beings who, like the Titans of Greek mythology, fought
the devas for sovereignty over the heavens and lost. See apaya-bhumi.
avijja [avijjaa]: Unawareness; ignorance; obscured awareness; delusion about
the nature of the mind. See also moha.
ayatana [aayatana]: Sense medium. The inner sense media are the sense organs:
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind. The outer sense media are their respective
objects.
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B
bhante [bhante]: Venerable sir; often used when addressing a Buddhist monk.
bhava [bhava]: Becoming. States of being that develop first in the mind and can
then be experienced as internal worlds and/or as worlds on an external level. There
are three levels of becoming: on the sensual level, the level of form, and the level
of formlessness.
bhavana [bhaavanaa]: Mental cultivation or development; meditation. The third
of the three grounds for meritorious action. See also dana and sila.
bhikkhu [bhikkhu]: A Buddhist monk; a man who has given up the householder's
life to live a life of heightened virtue (see sila) in accordance with the Vinaya
in general, and the Patimokkha rules in particular. See sangha, parisa, upasampada.
bhikkhuni [bhikkhunii]: A Buddhist nun; a man (woman) who has given up the householder's
life to live a life of heightened virtue (see sila) in accordance with the Vinaya
in general, and the Patimokkha rules in particular. See sangha, parisa, upasampada.
bodhi-pakkhiya-dhamma [bodhi-pakkhiya-dhammaa]: "Wings to Awakening" — seven
sets of principles that are conducive to Awakening and that, according to the Buddha,
form the heart of his teaching: [1] the four frames of reference (see satipatthana);
[2] four right exertions (sammappadhana) — the effort to prevent unskillful states
from arising in the mind, to abandon whatever unskillful states have already arisen,
to give rise to the good, and to maintain the good that has arisen; [3] four bases
of success (iddhipada) — desire, persistence, intentness, circumspection; [4] five
dominant factors (indriya) — conviction, persistence, mindfulness, concentration,
discernment; [5] five strengths (bala) — identical with [4]; [6] seven factors for
Awakening (bojjhanga) — mindfulness, investigation of phenomena, persistence, rapture
(see piti), serenity, concentration, equanimity; and [7] the eightfold path (magga)
— Right View, Right Attitude, Right Speech, Right Activity, Right Livelihood, Right
Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration.
bodhisatta [bodhisatta]: "A being (striving) for Awakening"; the term used to
describe the Buddha before he actually become Buddha, from his first aspiration
to Buddhahood until the time of his full Awakening. Sanskrit form: Bodhisattva.
brahma [brahma, brahmaa]: "Great One" — an inhabitant of the non-sensual heavens
of form or formlessness.
brahma-vihara [brahma-vihaara]: The four "sublime" or "divine" abodes that are
attained through the development of boundless metta (goodwill), karuna (compassion),
mudita (appreciative joy), and upekkha (equanimity).
brahman (from Pali braahmaa.na): The brahman (brahmin) caste of India has long
maintained that its members, by their birth, are worthy of the highest respect.
Buddhism borrowed the term brahman to apply to those who have attained the goal,
to show that respect is earned not by birth, race, or caste, but by spiritual attainment.
Used in the Buddhist sense, this term is synonymous with arahant.
buddho [buddho]: Awake; enlightened. An epithet for the Buddha.
Buddha [buddha]: The name given to one who rediscovers for himself the liberating
path of Dhamma, after a long period of its having been forgotten by the world. According
to tradition, a long line of Buddhas stretches off into the distant past. The most
recent Buddha was born Siddhattha Gotama in India in the sixth century BCE. A well-educated
and wealthy young man, he relinquished his family and his princely inheritance in
the prime of his life to search for true freedom and an end to suffering (dukkha).
After seven years of austerities in the forest, he rediscovered the "middle way"
and achieved his goal, becoming Buddha.
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C
cankama [cankama]: Walking meditation, usually in the form of walking back and
forth along a prescribed path.
cetasika [cetasika]: Mental concomitant (see vedana, sañña, and sankhara).
ceto-vimutti [ceto-vimutti]: See vimutti.
citta [citta]: Mind; heart; state of consciousness.
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D
dana [daana]: Giving, liberality; offering, alms. Specifically, giving of any
of the four requisites to the monastic order. More generally, the inclination to
give, without expecting any form of repayment from the recipient. Dana is the first
theme in the Buddha's system of gradual training (see anupubbi-katha), the first
of the ten paramis, one of the seven treasures (see dhana), and the first of the
three grounds for meritorious action (see sila and bhavana).
deva; devata [deva, devataa]: Literally, "shining one" — an inhabitant of the
heavenly realms (see sagga and sugati).
Devadatta [devadatta]: A cousin of the Buddha who tried to effect a schism in
the sangha and who has since become emblematic for all Buddhists who work knowingly
or unknowingly to undermine the religion from within.
dhamma [dhamma; Skt. dharma]: (1) Event; a phenomenon in and of itself; (2) mental
quality; (3) doctrine, teaching; (4) nibbana. Also, principles of behavior that
human beings ought to follow so as to fit in with the right natural order of things;
qualities of mind they should develop so as to realize the inherent quality of the
mind in and of itself. By extension, "Dhamma" (usu. capitalized) is used also to
denote any doctrine that teaches such things. Thus the Dhamma of the Buddha denotes
both his teachings and the direct experience of nibbana, the quality at which those
teachings are aimed.
Dhamma-vinaya [dhamma-vinaya]: "doctrine (dhamma) and discipline (vinaya)." The
Buddha's own name for the religion he founded.
dhana [dhana]: Treasure(s). The seven qualities of conviction, virtue (see sila),
conscience & concern, learning, generosity (see dana), and wisdom.
dhatu [dhaatu]: Element; property, impersonal condition. The four physical elements
or properties are earth (solidity), water (liquidity), wind (motion), and fire (heat).
The six elements include the above four plus space and consciousness.
dhutanga [dhutaanga]: Voluntary ascetic practices that monks and other meditators
may undertake from time to time or as a long-term commitment in order to cultivate
renunciation and contentment, and to stir up energy. For the monks, there are thirteen
such practices:(1) using only patched-up robes; (2) using only one set of three
robes; (3) going for alms; (4) not by-passing any donors on one's alms path; (5)
eating no more than one meal a day; (6) eating only from the alms-bowl; (7) refusing
any food offered after the alms-round; (8) living in the forest; (9) living under
a tree; (10) living under the open sky; (11) living in a cemetery; (12) being content
with whatever dwelling one has; (13) not lying down.
dosa [dosa]: Aversion; hatred; anger. One of three unwholesome roots (mula) in
the mind.
dukkha [dukkha]: Stress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent.
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E
effluents: See asava.
ekaggatarammana [ekagattaa.rammana]: Singleness of preoccupation; "one-pointedness."
In meditation, the mental quality that allows one's attention to remain collected
and focused on the chosen meditation object. Ekaggatarammana reaches full maturity
upon the development of the fourth level of jhana.
ekayana-magga [ekaayana-magga]: A unified path; a direct path. An epithet for
the practice of being mindful of the four frames of reference: body, feelings, mind,
and mental qualities.
evam [eva.m]: Thus; in this way. This term is used in Thailand as a formal closing
to a sermon.
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F
foundation of mindfulness: see Satipatthana.
frame of reference: see Satipatthana.
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G
gotrabhu-ñana [gotrabhuu-~naana]: "Change of lineage knowledge": The glimpse
of nibbana that changes one from an ordinary person (puthujjana) to a Noble One
(ariya-puggala).
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H
Hinayana [hiinayaana]: "Inferior Vehicle," originally a pejorative term — coined
by a group who called themselves followers of the Mahayana, the "Great Vehicle"
— to denote the path of practice of those who adhered only to the earliest discourses
as the word of the Buddha. Hinayanists refused to recognize the later discourses,
composed by the Mahayanists, that claimed to contain teachings that the Buddha felt
were too deep for his first generation of disciples, and which he thus secretly
entrusted to underground serpents. The Theravada school of today is a descendent
of the Hinayana.
hiri-ottappa [hiri-ottappa]: "Conscience and concern"; "moral shame and moral
dread." These twin emotions — the "guardians of the world" — are associated with
all skillful actions. Hiri is an inner conscience that restrains us from doing deeds
that would jeopardize our own self-respect; ottappa is a healthy fear of committing
unskillful deeds that might bring about harm to ourselves or others. See kamma.
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I
idappaccayata [idappaccayataa]: This/that conditionality. This name for the causal
principle the Buddha discovered on the night of his Awakening stresses the point
that, for the purposes of ending suffering and stress, the processes of causality
can be understood entirely in terms of forces and conditions that are experienced
in the realm of direct experience, with no need to refer to forces operating outside
of that realm.
indriya [indriya]: Faculties; mental factors. In the suttas the term can refer
either to the six sense media (ayatana) or to the five mental factors of saddha
(conviction), viriya (persistence), sati (mindfulness), samadhi (concentration),
and pañña (discernment); see bodhi-pakkhiya-dhamma.
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J
jhana [jhaana; Skt. dhyana]: Mental absorption. A state of strong concentration
focused on a single physical sensation (resulting in rupa jhana) or mental notion
(resulting in arupa jhana). Development of jhana arises from the temporary suspension
of the five hindrances (see nivarana) through the development of five mental factors:
vitakka (directed thought), vicara (evaluation), piti (rapture), sukha (pleasure),
and ekaggatarammana (singleness of preoccupation).
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K
kalyanamitta [kalyaa.namitta]: Admirable friend; a mentor or teacher of Dhamma.
kamaguna [kaamagu.na]: Strings of sensuality. The objects of the five physical
senses: visible objects, sounds, aromas, flavors, and tactile sensations. Usually
refers to sense experiences that, like the strings (guna) of a lute when plucked,
give rise to pleasurable feelings (vedana).
kamma [kamma; Skt. karma]: Intentional acts that result in states of being and
birth.
kammatthana [kamma.t.thaana]: Literally, "basis of work" or "place of work."
The word refers to the "occupation" of a meditating monk: namely, the contemplation
of certain meditation themes by which the forces of defilement (kilesa), craving
(tanha), and ignorance (avijja) may be uprooted from the mind. In the ordination
procedure, every new monk is taught five basic kammatthana that form the basis for
contemplation of the body: hair of the head (kesa), hair of the body (loma), nails
(nakha), teeth (danta), and skin (taco). By extension, the kammatthana include all
the forty classical meditation themes. Although every meditator may be said to engage
in kammatthana, the term is most often used to identify the particular Thai forest
tradition lineage that was founded by Phra Ajaan Mun and Phra Ajaan Sao.
karuna [karu.naa]: Compassion; sympathy; the aspiration to find a way to be truly
helpful to oneself and others. One of the ten perfections (paramis) and one of the
four "sublime abodes" (brahma-vihara).
kathina [ka.thina]: A ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy season,
in which a sangha of bhikkhus receives a gift of cloth from lay people, bestows
it on one of their members, and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following
day.
kaya [kaaya]: Body. Usually refers to the physical body (rupa-kaya; see rupa),
but sometimes refers to the mental body (nama-kaya; see nama).
kayagata-sati [kaayagataa-sati]: Mindfulness immersed in the body. This is a
blanket term covering several meditation themes: keeping the breath in mind; being
mindful of the body's posture; being mindful of one's activities; analyzing the
body into its parts; analyzing the body into its physical properties (see dhatu);
contemplating the fact that the body is inevitably subject to death and disintegration.
khandha [khandha]: Heap; group; aggregate. Physical and mental components of
the personality and of sensory experience in general. The five bases of clinging
(see upadana). See: nama (mental phenomenon), rupa (physical phenomenon), vedana
(feeling), sañña (perception), sankhara (mental fashionings), and viññana (consciousness).
khanti [khanti]: Patience; forbearance. One of the ten perfections (paramis).
kilesa [kilesa]: Defilement — lobha (passion), dosa (aversion), and moha (delusion)
in their various forms, which include such things as greed, malevolence, anger,
rancor, hypocrisy, arrogance, envy, miserliness, dishonesty, boastfulness, obstinacy,
violence, pride, conceit, intoxication, and complacency.
kusala [kusala]: Wholesome, skillful, good, meritorious. An action characterized
by this moral quality (kusala-kamma) is bound to result (eventually) in happiness
and a favorable outcome. Actions characterized by its opposite (akusala-kamma) lead
to sorrow. See kamma.
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L
lakkhana [lakkha.na]: See ti-lakkhana.
lobha [lobha]: Greed; passion; unskillful desire. Also raga. One of three unwholesome
roots (mula) in the mind.
loka-dhamma [loka-dhamma]: Affairs or phenomena of the world. The standard list
gives eight:wealth, loss of wealth, status, loss of status, praise, criticism,
pleasure, and pain.
lokavidu [lokaviduu]: Knower of the cosmos. An epithet for the Buddha.
lokuttara [lokuttara]: Transcendent; supramundane (see magga, phala, and nibbana).
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M
magga [magga]: Path. Specifically, the path to the cessation of suffering and
stress. The four transcendent paths — or rather, one path with four levels of refinement
— are the path to stream-entry (entering the stream to nibbana, which ensures that
one will be reborn at most only seven more times), the path to once-returning, the
path to non-returning, and the path to arahantship. See phala.
mahathera [mahaathera]: "Great elder." An honorific title automatically conferred
upon a bhikkhu of at least twenty years' standing. Compare thera.
majjhima [majjhima]: Middle; appropriate; just right.
Mara [maara]: The personification of evil and temptation.
metta [mettaa]: Loving-kindness; goodwill. One of the ten perfections (paramis)
and one of the four "sublime abodes" (brahma-vihara).
moha [moha]: Delusion; ignorance (avijja).. One of three unwholesome roots (mula)
in the mind.
mudita [muditaa]: Appreciative/sympathetic joy. Taking delight in one's own goodness
and that of others. One of the four "sublime abodes" (brahma-vihara).
mula [muula]: Literally, "root." The fundamental conditions in the mind that
determine the moral quality — skillful (kusala) or unskillful (akusala) — of one's
intentional actions (see kamma). The three unskillful roots are lobha (greed), dosa
(aversion), and moha (delusion); the skillful roots are their opposites. See kilesa
(defilements).
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N
naga [naaga]: A term commonly used to refer to strong, stately, and heroic animals,
such as elephants and magical serpents. In Buddhism, it is also used to refer to
those who have attained the goal of the practice.
nama [naama]: Mental phenomena. This term refers to the mental components of
the five khandhas, and includes: vedana (feeling), sañña (perception), sankhara
(mental fashionings), and viññana (consciousness). Compare rupa.
nama-rupa [naama-ruupa]: Name-and-form; mind-and-matter; mentality-physicality.
The union of mental phenomena (nama) and physical phenomena (rupa) that constitutes
the five aggregates (khandha), and which lies at a crucial link in the causal chain
of dependent co-arising (paticca-samuppada).
nekkhamma [nekkhamma]: Renunciation; literally, "freedom from sensual lust."
One of the ten paramis.
nibbana [nibbaana; Skt. nirvana]: Liberation; literally, the "unbinding" of the
mind from the mental effluents (see asava), defilements (see kilesa), and the round
of rebirth (see vatta), and from all that can be described or defined. As this term
also denotes the extinguishing of a fire, it carries the connotations of stilling,
cooling, and peace. (According to the physics taught at the time of the Buddha,
a burning fire seizes or adheres to its fuel; when extinguished, it is unbound.)
"Total nibbana" in some contexts denotes the experience of Awakening; in others,
the final passing away of an arahant.
nibbida [nibbidaa;]: Disenchantment; aversion; disgust; weariness. The skillful
turning-away of the mind from the conditioned samsaric world towards the unconditoned,
the transcendent — nibbana
nimitta [nimitta]: Mental sign, image, or vision that may arise in meditation.
Uggaha nimitta refers to any image that arises spontaneously in the course of meditation.
Paribhaga nimitta refers to an image that has been subjected to mental manipulation.
nirodha [nirodha]: Cessation; disbanding; stopping.
nivarana [niivara.na]: Hindrances to concentration — sensual desire, ill will,
sloth & drowsiness, restlessness & anxiety, and uncertainty.
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O
opanayiko [opanayiko]: Referring inwardly; to be brought inward. An epithet for
the Dhamma.
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PQ
pabbajja [pabbajjaa]: "Going forth (from home to the homeless life)"; ordination
as a samanera (samaneri), or novice monk (nun). See upasampada.
paccattam [paccatta.m]: Personal; individual.
paccekabuddha [paccekabuddha]: Private Buddha. One who, like a Buddha, has gained
Awakening without the benefit of a teacher, but who lacks the requisite store of
paramis to teach others the practice that leads to Awakening. On attaining the goal,
a paccekabuddha lives a solitary life.
Pali [paali, paa.li]: The canon of texts (see Tipitaka) preserved by the Theravada
school and, by extension, the language in which those texts are composed.
pañña [pa~n~naa]: Discernment; insight; wisdom; intelligence; common sense; ingenuity.
One of the ten perfections (paramis).
pañña-vimutti [pa~n~naa-vimutti]: See vimutti.
papañca [papa~nca]: Complication, proliferation. The tendency of the mind to
proliferate issues from the sense of "self." This term can also be translated as
self-reflexive thinking, reification, falsification, distortion, elaboration, or
exaggeration. In the discourses, it is frequently used in analyses of the psychology
of conflict.
parami, paramita [paaramii, paaramitaa]: Perfection of the character. A group
of ten qualities developed over many lifetimes by a bodhisatta, which appear as
a group in the Pali canon only in the Jataka ("Birth Stories"): generosity (dana),
virtue (sila), renunciation (nekkhamma), discernment (pañña), energy/persistence
(viriya), patience/forbearance (khanti), truthfulness (sacca), determination (adhitthana),
good will (metta), and equanimity (upekkha).
parinibbana [parinibbaana]: Total Unbinding; the complete cessation of the khandhas
that occurs upon the death of an arahant.
parisa [parisaa]: Following; assembly. The four groups of the Buddha's following
that include monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen. Compare sangha. See bhikkhu, bhikkhuni,
upasaka/upasika.
pariyatti [pariyatti]: Theoretical understanding of Dhamma obtained through reading,
study, and learning. See patipatti and pativedha.
paticca-samuppada [pa.ticca-samuppaada]: Dependent co-arising; dependent origination.
A map showing the way the aggregates (khandha) and sense media (ayatana) interact
with ignorance (avijja) and craving (tanha) to bring about stress and suffering
(dukkha). As the interactions are complex, there are several different versions
of paticca samuppada given in the suttas. In the most common one, the map starts
with ignorance. In another common one, the map starts with the interrelation between
name (nama) and form (rupa) on the one hand, and sensory consciousness (viññana)
on the other. [MORE: SN 12.2, DN 15 ]
Patimokkha [paatimokkha]: The basic code of monastic discipline, consisting of
227 rules for monks (bhikkhus) and 311 for nuns (bhikkhunis). See Vinaya.
patipada [pa.tipadaa]: Road, path, way; the means of reaching a goal or destination.
The "Middle way" (majjhima-patipada) taught by the Buddha; the path of practice
described in the fourth noble truth (dukkhanirodhagamini-patipada).
patipatti [pa.tipatti]: The practice of Dhamma, as opposed to mere theoretical
knowledge (pariyatti). See also pativedha.
pativedha [pa.tivedha]: Direct, first-hand realization of the Dhamma. See also
pariyatti and patipatti.
Peta [peta; Skt. preta]: A "hungry shade" or "hungry ghost" — one of a class
of beings in the lower realms, sometimes capable of appearing to human beings. The
petas are often depicted in Buddhist art as starving beings with pinhole-sized mouths
through which they can never pass enough food to ease their hunger.
phala [phala]: Fruition. Specifically, the fruition of any of the four transcendent
paths (see magga).
phra: (Thai). Venerable. Used as a prefix to the name of a monk (bhikkhu).
piti [piiti]: Rapture; bliss; delight. In meditation, a pleasurable quality in
the mind that reaches full maturity upon the development of the second level of
jhana.
puja [puujaa]: Honor; respect; devotional observance. Most commonly, the devotional
observances that are conducted at monasteries daily (morning and evening), on uposatha
days, or on other special occasions.
puñña [pu~n~na]: Merit; worth; the inner sense of well-being that comes from
having acted rightly or well and that enables one to continue acting well.
puthujjana [puthujjana]: One of the many-folk; a "worlding" or run-of-the-mill
person. An ordinary person who has not yet realized any of the four stages of Awakening
(see magga). Compare ariya-puggala.
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R
raga [raaga]: Lust; greed. See lobha.
run-of-the-mill person: See puthujjana.
rupa [ruupa]: Body; physical phenomenon; sense datum. The basic meaning of this
word is "appearance" or "form." It is used, however, in a number of different contexts,
taking on different shades of meaning in each. In lists of the objects of the senses,
it is given as the object of the sense of sight. As one of the khandha, it refers
to physical phenomena or sensations (visible appearance or form being the defining
characteristics of what is physical). This is also the meaning it carries when opposed
to nama, or mental phenomena.
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sabhava-dhamma [sabhaava-dhamma]: Condition of nature; any phenomenon, event,
property, or quality as experienced in and of itself.
sacca [sacca]: Truthfulness. One of the ten perfections (paramis).
saddha [saddhaa]: Conviction, faith. A confidence in the Buddha that gives one
the willingness to put his teachings into practice. Conviction becomes unshakeable
upon the attainment of stream-entry (see sotapanna).
sadhu [saadhu]: (exclamation) "It is well"; an expression showing appreciation
or agreement.
sagga [sagga]: Heaven, heavenly realm. The dwelling place of the devas. Rebirth
in the heavens is said to be one of the rewards for practicing generosity (see dana)
and virtue (see sila). Like all waystations in samsara, however, rebirth here is
temporary. See also sugati.
sakadagami [sakadaagaamii]: Once-returner. A person who has abandoned the first
three of the fetters that bind the mind to the cycle of rebirth (see samyojana),
has weakened the fetters of sensual passion and resistance, and who after death
is destined to be reborn in this world only once more.
sakkaya-ditthi [sakkaaya-di.t.thi]: Self-identification view. The view that mistakenly
identifies any of the khandha as "self"; the first of the ten fetters (samyojana).
Abandonment of sakkaya-ditthi is one of the hallmarks of stream-entry (see sotapanna).
Sakyamuni [saakyamuni]: "Sage of the Sakyans"; an epithet for the Buddha.
sakya-putta [saakya-putta]: Son of the Sakyan. An epithet for Buddhist monks,
the Buddha having been a native of the Sakyan Republic.
sallekha-dhamma [sallekha-dhamma]: Topics of effacement (effacing defilement)
— having few wants, being content with what one has, seclusion, uninvolvement in
companionship, persistence, virtue (see sila), concentration, discernment, release,
and the direct knowing and seeing of release.
samadhi [samaadhi]: Concentration; the practice of centering the mind in a single
sensation or preoccupation, usually to the point of jhana.
samana [sama.na]: Contemplative. Literally, a person who abandons the conventional
obligations of social life in order to find a way of life more "in tune" (sama)
with the ways of nature.
samanera (samaneri): Literally, a small samana; a novice monk (nun) who observes
ten precepts and who is a candidate for admission to the order of bhikkhus (bhikkhunis).
See pabbajja.
sambhavesin [sambhavesin]: (A being) searching for a place to take birth.
sammati [sammati]: Conventional reality; convention; relative truth; supposition;
anything conjured into being by the mind.
sampajañña [samoaja~n~na]: Alertness; self-awareness; presence of mind; clear
comprehension. See sati.
samsara [sa.msaara]: Transmigration; the round of death and rebirth. See vatta.
samvega [sa.mvega]: The oppressive sense of shock, dismay, and alienation that
comes with realizing the futility and meaninglessness of life as it's normally lived;
a chastening sense of one's own complacency and foolishness in having let oneself
live so blindly; and an anxious sense of urgency in trying to find a way out of
the meaningless cycle.
samyojana, sanyojana [sa.myojana]: Fetter that binds the mind to the cycle of
rebirth (see vatta) — self-identification views (sakkaya-ditthi), uncertainty (vicikiccha),
grasping at precepts and practices (silabbata-paramasa); sensual passion (kama-raga),
resistance (vyapada); passion for form (rupa-raga), passion for formless phenomena
(arupa-raga), conceit (mana), restlessness (uddhacca), and unawareness (avijja).
Compare anusaya.
sanditthiko [sandi.t.thiko]: Self-evident; immediately apparent; visible here
and now. An epithet for the Dhamma.
sangha [sangha]: On the conventional (sammati) level, this term denotes the communities
of Buddhist monks and nuns; on the ideal (ariya) level, it denotes those followers
of the Buddha, lay or ordained, who have attained at least stream-entry (see sotapanna),
the first of the transcendent paths (see magga) culminating in nibbana. Recently,
particularly in the West, the term "sangha" has been popularly adapted to mean the
wider sense of "community of followers on the Buddhist path," although this usage
finds no basis in the Pali canon. The term "parisa" may be more appropriate for
this much broader meaning.
sankhara [sankhaara]: Formation, compound, fashioning, fabrication — the forces
and factors that fashion things (physical or mental), the process of fashioning,
and the fashioned things that result. Sankhara can refer to anything formed or fashioned
by conditions, or, more specifically, (as one of the five khandhas) thought-formations
within the mind.
sañña [sa~n~naa]: Label; perception; allusion; act of memory or recognition;
interpretation. See khandha.
sanyojana: See samyojana.
sasana [saasana]: Literally, "message." The dispensation, doctrine, and legacy
of the Buddha; the Buddhist religion (see Dhamma-vinaya).
sati [sati]: Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention.
In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness (sampajañña) as
well.
satipatthana [satipa.t.thaana]: Foundation of mindfulness; frame of reference
— body, feelings, mind, and mental events, viewed in and of themselves as they occur.
sa-upadisesa-nibbana [sa-upaadisesa-nibbaana]: Nibbana with fuel remaining (the
analogy is to an extinguished fire whose embers are still glowing) — liberation
as experienced in this lifetime by an arahant. Cf. anupadisesa-nibbana.
savaka [saavaka]: Literally, "hearer." A disciple of the Buddha, especially a
noble disciple (see ariya-puggala.)
sayadaw: (Burmese). Venerable teacher; an honorific title and form of address
for a senior or eminent bhikkhu.
sekha [sekha]: A "learner" or "one in training"; a noble disciple (ariya-puggala)
who has not yet attained arahantship.
sila [siila]: Virtue, morality. The quality of ethical and moral purity that
prevents one from falling away from the eightfold path. Also, the training precepts
that restrain one from performing unskillful actions. Sila is the second theme in
the gradual training (see anupubbi-katha), one of the ten paramis, the second of
the seven treasures (see dhana), and the first of the three grounds for meritorious
action (see dana and bhavana).
sima [siima]: Boundary or territory within which the monastic sangha's formal
acts (upasampada, patimokkha recitation, settling of disputes, etc.) must be performed
in order to be valid.
sotapanna [sotaapanna]: Stream winner. A person who has abandoned the first three
of the fetters that bind the mind to the cycle of rebirth (see samyojana) and has
thus entered the "stream" flowing inexorably to nibbana, ensuring that one will
be reborn at most only seven more times, and only into human or higher realms.
stream-entry, stream-winner: see sotapanna.
stress: See dukkha.
stupa (Pali thupa (thuupa)): Originally, a tumulus or burial mound enshrining
relics of a holy person — such as the Buddha — or objects associated with his life.
Over the centuries this has developed into the tall, spired monuments familiar in
temples in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Burma; and into the pagodas of China, Korea,
and Japan.
"such": See tadi.
sugati [sugati]: Happy destinations; the two higher levels of existence into
which one might be reborn as a result of past skillful actions (see kamma): rebirth
in the human world or in the heavens (See sagga). None of these states is permanent.
Compare apaya-bhumi.
sugato [sugato]: Well-faring; going (or gone) to a good destination. An epithet
for the Buddha.
sukha [sukha]: Pleasure; ease; satisfaction. In meditation, a mental quality
that reaches full maturity upon the development of the third level of jhana.
sutta [sutta; Skt. sutra]: Literally, "thread"; a discourse or sermon by the
Buddha or his contemporary disciples. After the Buddha's death the suttas were passed
down in the Pali language according to a well-established oral tradition, and were
finally committed to written form in Sri Lanka around 100 BCE. More than 10,000
suttas are collected in the Sutta Pitaka, one of the principal bodies of scriptural
literature in Theravada Buddhism. The Pali Suttas are widely regarded as the earliest
record of the Buddha's teachings.
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tadi [taadi]: "Such," an adjective to describe one who has attained the goal.
It indicates that the person's state is indefinable but not subject to change or
influences of any sort.
tanha [ta.nhaa]: Craving — for sensuality, for becoming, or for not-becoming
(see bhava). See also lobha (greed; passion)
tapas [taapas]: The purifying "heat" of meditative practice.
Tathagata [tathaagatha]: Literally, "one who has truly gone (tatha-gata)" or
"one who has become authentic "(tatha-agata)," an epithet used in ancient India
for a person who has attained the highest spiritual goal. In Buddhism, it usually
denotes the Buddha, although occasionally it also denotes any of his arahant disciples.
than, tan: (Thai). Reverend, venerable.
thera [thera]: "Elder." An honorific title automatically conferred upon a bhikkhu
of at least ten years' standing. Compare mahathera.
Theravada [theravaada]: The "Doctrine of the Elders" — the only one of the early
schools of Buddhism to have survived into the present; currently the dominant form
of Buddhism in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Burma. See also Hinayana.
ti-lakkhana [ti-lakkha.na]: Three characteristics inherent in all conditioned
phenomena — being inconstant, stressful, and not-self.
tipitaka [tipi.taka; Skt. tripitaka]: The Buddhist (Pali) Canon. Literally, "three
baskets," in reference to the three principal divisions of the Canon: the Vinaya
Pitaka (disciplinary rules); Sutta Pitaka (discourses); and Abhidhamma Pitaka (abstract
philosophical treatises).
tiratana [tiratana]: The "Triple Gem" consisting of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha
— ideals to which all Buddhists turn for refuge. See tisarana.
tisarana [tisara.na]: The "Threefold Refuge" — the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha.
See tiratana.
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ugghatitaññu [uggha.tita~n~nu]: Of swift understanding. After the Buddha attained
Awakening and was considering whether or not to teach the Dhamma, he perceived that
there were four categories of beings: those of swift understanding, who would gain
Awakening after a short explanation of the Dhamma; those who would gain Awakening
only after a lengthy explanation (vipacitaññu); those who would gain Awakening only
after being led through the practice (neyya); and those who, instead of gaining
Awakening, would at best gain only a verbal understanding of the Dhamma (padaparama).
Unbinding: See nibbana.
upadana [upaadaana]: Clinging; attachment; sustenance for becoming and birth
— attachment to sensuality, to views, to precepts and practices, and to theories
of the self.
upasampada [upasampadaa]: Acceptance; full ordination as a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni.
See pabbajja.
upasaka/upasika [upaasaka/upaasikaa]: A male/female lay follower of the Buddha.
Compare parisa.
upekkha [upekkhaa]: Equanimity. One of the ten perfections (paramis) and one
of the four "sublime abodes" (brahma-vihara).
uposatha [uposatha]: Observance day, corresponding to the phases of the moon,
on which Buddhist lay people gather to listen to the Dhamma and to observe special
precepts. On the new-moon and full-moon uposatha days monks assemble to recite the
Patimokkha rules.
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vassa [vassaa]: Rains Retreat. A period from July to October, corresponding roughly
to the rainy season, in which each monk is required to live settled in a single
place and not wander freely about.
vatta [va.t.ta]: The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. This denotes both the
death and rebirth of living beings and the death and rebirth of defilement (kilesa)
within the mind. See samsara.
vedana [vedanaa]: Feeling — pleasure (ease), pain (stress), or neither pleasure
nor pain. See khandha.
Vesak, Vesakha, Visakha, Wesak, etc. [visaakha]: The ancient name for the Indian
lunar month in spring corresponding to our April-May. According to tradition, the
Buddha's birth, Awakening, and Parinibbana each took place on the full-moon night
in the month of Visakha. These events are commemorated on that day in the Visakha
festival, which is celebrated annually throughout the world of Theravada Buddhism.
vicara [vicaara]: Evaluation; sustained thought. In meditation, vicara is the
mental factor that allows one's attention to shift and move about in relation to
the chosen meditation object. Vicara and its companion factor vitakka reach full
maturity upon the development of the first level of jhana.
vijja [vijjaa]: Clear knowledge; genuine awareness; science (specifically, the
cognitive powers developed through the practice of concentration and discernment).
vijja-carana-sampanno [vijjaa-cara.na-sampanno]: Consummate in knowledge and
conduct; accomplished in the conduct leading to awareness or cognitive skill. An
epithet for the Buddha.
vimutti [vimutti]: Release; freedom from the fabrications and conventions of
the mind. The suttas distinguish between two kinds of release. Discernment-release
(pañña-vimutti) describes the mind of the arahant, which is free of the asavas.
Awareness-release (ceto-vimutti) is used to describe either the mundane suppression
of the kilesas during the practice of jhana and the four brahma-viharas [see AN
6.13], or the supramundane state of concentration in the asava-free mind of the
arahant.
Vinaya [vinaya]: The monastic discipline, spanning six volumes in printed text,
whose rules and traditions define every aspect of the bhikkhus' and bhikkhunis'
way of life. The essence of the rules for monastics is contained in the Patimokkha.
The conjunction of the Dhamma with the Vinaya forms the core of the Buddhist religion:
"Dhamma-vinaya" — "the doctrine and discipline" — is the name the Buddha gave to
the religion he founded.
viññana [vi~n~naa.na]: Consciousness; cognizance; the act of taking note of sense
data and ideas as they occur. There is also a type of consciousness that lies outside
of the khandhas — called consciousness without feature (viññanam anidassanam) —
which is not related to the six senses at all. See khandha.
vipaka [vipaaka]: The consequence and result of a past volitional action (kamma).
vipassana [vipassanaa]: Clear intuitive insight into physical and mental phenomena
as they arise and disappear, seeing them for what they actually are — in and of
themselves — in terms of the three characteristics (see ti-lakkhana) and in terms
of stress, its origin, its disbanding, and the way leading to its disbanding (see
ariya-sacca).
vipassanupakkilesa [vipassanuupakkilesa]: Corruption of insight; intense experiences
that can happen in the course of meditation and can lead one to believe that one
has completed the path. The standard list includes ten: light, psychic knowledge,
rapture, serenity, pleasure, extreme conviction, excessive effort, obsession, indifference,
and contentment.
viriya [viriya]: Persistence; energy. One of the ten perfections (paramis), the
five faculties (bala; see bodhi-pakkhiya-dhamma), and the five strengths/dominant
factors (indriya; see bodhi-pakkhiya-dhamma).
vitakka [vitakka]: Directed thought. In meditation, vitakka is the mental factor
by which one's attention is applied to the chosen meditation object. Vitakka and
its companion factor vicara reach full maturity upon the development of the first
level of jhana.
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yakkha [yakkha]: One of a special class of powerful "non-human" beings — sometimes
kindly, sometimes murderous and cruel — corresponding roughly to the fairies and
ogres of Western fairy tales. The female (yakkhini) is generally considered more
treacherous than the male.
