Hinduism in a Nutshell - Essential Beliefs and Practices for Beginners
Summary: Find here a brief summary of the essential beliefs and practices of Hinduism in a nutshell, for the beginners and novices who want to known what Hinduism is and what it represents.
Hinduism is a complex religion, with a wide range of beliefs and practices, sects, schools of philosophy, ascetic groups, and teacher traditions. Since it developed over a long time it has many schools of thought, and ritual and spiritual practices which are difficult to understand unless you are a practising Hinduism. The complexity and diversity of Hinduism is not a weakness, but a strength since it offers freedom and choice to people to mold their faith according to their essential nature, preferences and lifestyles.
For beginners, it can be a daunting task to understand Hinduism since they cannot know what represents Hinduism, or what is central to its practice. The problem gets compounded when they use the tenets and beliefs of their religion to assess Hinduism. In this essay we have tried to present some of the core aspects of Hinduism in a nutshell to help the beginners develop a basic understanding of Hinduism.
God, Brahman
Hindus worship many gods. However, they believe that all gods are part of the same Universal Soul or Brahman. According to the scriptures, Brahman is the highest, unchanging, eternal, infinite, indestructible, impersonal and indescribable reality, in whom the whole universe is contained and who exists in all. He is the creator, preserver, and destroyer and Impersonal Being who is different from all known realities. He is the One without a second. He shines in each being as the soul.
Isvara, Personal God
Hindus believe that God manifests as Isvara or Saguna Brahman, Supreme Being with attributes, for the order and regularity of the world. He creates the worlds and beings, maintains them, conceals his true nature, reveals himself to his devotees and also withdraws them at the end of creation. In the Vedas, he is worshipped as Hiranyagarbha, the golden womb or Brahma, the creator. According to the Puranas, the three main forms of God are Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, who are responsible for creation, preservation and destruction respectively.
Atman, The Eternal Soul
Hindus also believe in eternal, indestructible, immutable souls. Each individual being is an embodied soul, in whom Brahman is hidden and who has the potential to experience its true identity and become immortal. The souls are of the same essence as Brahman. Hence, the essential identity of each being is God only. Souls are not to be confused with the mind and the ego. They exist in their bodies as witnesses, free from the afflictions of duality, desires, attachments and emotions.
Dharma, Law
Dharma is the divine law, established by Brahma in the beginning, for the order and regularity of the world and welfare of all. It also refers to set of duties and obligatory actions, which people perform according to their social and family standing, caste and profession. Vedic sacrifices are also considered obligatory duties, which householders perform to honor gods and their ancestors to ensure peace and prosperity. Dharma is also used synonymously with righteousness or moral code of conduct. For example, the Bhagavad Gita is considered a book on spiritual duty or spiritual dharma.
Creation
Hinduism believes that creation is a continuation of the previous destruction, rather than a beginning of the new. The cycle of creation and destruction continues. At the end of each creation, God withdraws all, into a state of non-differentiation and manifest reality again at the start of each creation. Our present universe is probably the continuation of an earlier one. Hinduism does not clearly specify who existed first or how our present world began except to suggest that they evolved from a primal state of chaos, darkness and waters.
Prakriti, Nature
Nature, also known as Prakriti or Maya, is the concealing aspect of Isvara. She is treated like a goddess, the Mother of all, who creates, nourishes and protects her children, and also hides, veils, deceives and destroys them. Hinduism attributes materiality and corporeality in creation to Nature. According to the Bhagavad Gita, she is responsible for all physical changes, transformations and actions in the phenomenal world while Brahman remains a passive witness. He neither creates nor takes part in creation. However, the very idea of creation arises in God, and also the need for it.
Gunas, Triple Modes of Prakriti
Nature produces the diversity in creation and also the impurities and delusion in the world through the triple gunas or triple modes, namely sattva (purity), rajas (activity) and tamas (inertia). No being or thing in creation is free from the triple gunas. Since Nature is active and causes modification and transformation, her gunas are present in all aspects of creation and in all beings. The predominance of gunas determines the nature and behavior of the beings.
Tattvas, Finite Realities
The divisions, parts or aspects of Nature manifest in creation as finite realities (tattvas). Nature uses them as building blocks and mixes them with the gunas in various permutations and combinations to manifest beings and objects. The tattvas are 23 in number namely five sense organs, five organs of action, five subtle senses, five elements, the mind, ego, and intelligence. They are dependent realities and destructible. Some are causes, some are effects and some are both.
Karma
The fruit of desire-ridden actions manifest as karma. Virtuous actions produce merit, while evil actions produce sin. Both keep the beings bound to the mortal world. Thus, Karma is a system of reward and punishment, which serves as a correcting mechanism, and as an arm of Dharma to ensure that beings remain within their bounds or face consequences. Since karma is cumulative, beings cannot achieve liberation unless they are completely free from it.
Samsara, Transmigration
The cycle of births and deaths to which beings remain bound is known as Samsara. They cannot escape from it until they exhaust their karmas, purify themselves, suppress all modifications caused by the gunas, and achieve liberation. Since beings here are subject to death and rebirth, this world is also known as samsara. Crossing the Samasara to reach the other end is the purpose of any religious and spiritual practice.
The Vedas, Divine Knowledge
The Vedas are the sacred texts of Hinduism and constitute the core of its principles, beliefs, practices and philosophy. They are considered to be revelations or heard ones (sruti) and therefore, inviolable. The Vedas are four, Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. They contain hymns which are chanted during Vedic ceremonies to invoke gods. They are also considered verbal testimony to ascertain metaphysical truths.
Puranas, Ancient Histories
Puranas are large and voluminous texts, originally composed in Sanskrit, which are considered sacred by Hindus. They contain legends, ancient histories, creation theories, and heroic exploits and battles of Hindu deities. Hindu tradition recognizes 18 main Puranas and 18 ancillary Puranas, most of which are sectarian and belong to the principal sects of Hinduism. Apart from Puranas, the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are also popular as historic texts (itihasa).
Avatar, Incarnation
One of the unique features of Hinduism is the concept of avatar or the reincarnation of God. Hindus believe that whenever dharma declines and evil powers gain ascendance, Lord Vishnu, who is the upholder of dharma, reincarnates upon earth as a living being (human, animal, or a mythical being) and destroys the evil. According to the Puranas he had already incarnated several times. His last reincarnation will be at the end of Kaliyuga as Kalki. Apart from them, Vishnu has several partial manifestations and aspects.
Image worship, Murthy Puja
Hindus worship God in numerous ways. Image worship and worship of symbols is one of them. The image or symbol may be either physical, diagrammatic, or mental. Physical images may be made of clay, stone, or any other suitable material. In most cases they are ritually installed (prana-Pratishta) before worship. In Vaishnavism the images are considered living embodiment (arca) of God. Their power increases in proportion to the offerings and prayers they receive.
Temple, Devalam
In Hinduism a temple (devalayam) is the abode of God where priests offer daily worship in the presence of devotees. Each temple is designed and built according to strict geometric calculations and specifications to resemble the model of the universe. They may however represent different architectural styles and construction methods. Some of them are very ancient. The chief deity is housed in the inner sanctum and treated like a living god, with daily services from morning until evening or midnight. A temple may also house other deities, saints and associate gods, to whom devotees may offer regular worship.
Yajna, Sacrifice
The Vedic sacrificial ceremonies are called Yajnas. They are fire-rituals in which ritual offerings of food are made to gods. They are elaborate and complex ceremonies, which require the assistance of trained and qualified priests to perform them. Some Yajnas may last for days or even weeks, and some like the Agnichayana are performed in stages, which may last for months. Some Yajnas are performed in public by groups of people, and some in private by family members.
Puja, Domestic Worship
The Hindu domestic worship is known as puja, which is performed every day or on specific occasions during which householders make offerings to deities to express their love, respect and devotion. In formal ceremonies, each deity is treated like a divine guest and made symbolic offerings of a seat, a bath, clothing, drinks, perfume, incense, light, prayers and food. In informal worship, devotees may light a lamp or an incense stick and offer prayers and food (naivedyam). At the end of the puja, devotees share the food offered to the deity.
Festivals,
Hindus celebrate several festivals, some of which are local or regional, and some universal. They are celebrated to commemorate a historic event, a great victory, the manifestation of a deity, or the birth of a great saint or incarnation. The most popular festivals of Hindus are Makar Sankranti, Maha Shivaratri, Pongal, Holi, Navarathri, Holi, Sri Ram Navami, Krishna Janmastami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dussera, Durga Puja, Diwali Gudi Padwa, Ugadi, Guru Purnima, Raksha Bandhan, Onam, etc.
Purusharthas, Chief Aims
The chief aims of human life are known as Purusharthas or the purpose (artha) of a human being (Purusha) upon earth. They are meant for householders to fulfill their obligatory duties and earn merit for a good life in the next birth. The chief aims are four which they should pursue, namely obligatory moral duties (dharma), wealth (artha), sexual pleasure (kama), and liberation (moksha). They ensure that human beings lead a holistic life and fulfill both their material and spiritual obligations.
Varnashrama, Duty Bound Division of Life
Hindu law books suggest that householders should live their lives in four stages as designed by God himself, for the welfare and the order and regularity of the world. They are the life of celibacy (brahmacharya) as a student, life as a householder (grihasta) after marriage, life as a forest dweller (vanaprastha) upon retirement, and life as a renunciant (sanyasa) in the old age. The law books prescribe a specific set of duties for each stage according to a person's caste or profession.
Sanyasa, Renunciation
The act of giving up anything for the sake of God or liberation is known as sanyasa. Householders are advised to renounce doership in actions and the desire for the fruit of their actions to avoid the accumulation of karma. Ascetics are advised to renounce worldly pleasures and possessions as part of their vows to practice yoga, austerities, and self-discipline to purify themselves and experience oneness with God.
Guru, Spiritual Teacher
Hindu spiritual teachers and adepts who teach the knowledge of the scriptures, the secrets of liberation, or lead the initiates on the path of liberation are known as gurus. Literally speaking, a guru is one who removes darkness from the minds and hearts of their students by shining the light of God upon them. The tradition holds that they are equal to God, and those who aspire for liberation should seek their help and treat them with utmost respect.
Yoga, Union
The concept of Yoga has a great significance in Hinduism. For Hindus, yoga means a state or condition (such as happiness or sorrow), a school of philosophy, and a specific set of spiritual practices to get rid of impurities, neutralize karma and achieve liberation. Karma yoga, jnana yoga, sanyasa yoga, atma samyama yoga, ashtanga yoga, kriya yoga, bhakti yoga, raja yoga, hatha yoga are a few important and popular yogas of Hinduism.
Tantra, Ritual Knowledge
The spiritual discipline which follows the texts known as Tantras instead of Vedas is known as Tantra. Followers of Tantra practice magical and mystical rituals and formulas for the worship of the deities, usually the fierce and pleasant forms of Shiva and Shakti, to attain supernatural powers (siddhis) or achieve liberation. Their methods are known as left hand practices (vamachara), which are unconventional and shocking to a conservative mind. Some practices involve the use of sex.
Darshana, Philosophy
A Darshana is a system or school of philosophy, a view point, doctrine, or theory. Hinduism recognizes six Darshanas, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimansa, and Uttara Mimansa or Vedanta. Some of the schools do not acknowledge God, but acknowledge souls as eternal and indestructible. Apart from the six schools, there are others which are part of the sects of Hinduism or the sub-systems of the six, which make Hinduism complex.
Moksha, Liberation
Moksha means liberation from the cycle of births and deaths. Hinduism considers the liberation of the embodied souls as the highest and ultimate purpose of human life. Upon attaining liberation, the liberated souls travel to the world of Brahman and stay there forever. Hinduism prescribes numerous methods and approaches to attain liberation. Of them, devotion is considered the most supreme.
Afterlife
Hindu scriptures suggest that upon death, beings may go to three worlds, according to their karma. Those who achieve liberation go to the immortal world of Brahman, never to return. However, those who do not achieve liberation but earn merit for their good deeds go to the world of ancestors and return after exhausting their karmas to take rebirth. The rest go to the underworld of Yama and suffer from numerous punishments for their sins.
Sects
Hinduism is a loosely organized religion with sects, teacher traditions, folk traditions, customs and practices, which can be grouped as the sub sects of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism respectively. Historically the three sects are also the most popular. Even now they enjoy a large following. Each sect regards their principle deity as the highest Supreme Brahman and lord of the universe.
Vidhi, Fate
Hindus believe that all living beings upon earth are born with a certain fate or destiny known as Vidhi, which is determined by lord Brahma at the time of their birth according to their karma and the destiny of the world and which he imprints on their foreheads. No one can escape fate, except through expiation or through divine intervention. However, Hinduism is not fatalistic since fate is determined by karma or the actions of beings and not by God.
Caste system, Kula
Birth based caste system is one of the distinguishing features of Hinduism, which is also one of its chief weakness because of the social and economic distinctions and divisions it creates. The original castes were four, but currently there are many due to the intermixture of original castes and admission of several new people into the Vedic fold. A person's caste is determined by birth, especially the father's caste.
Freedom
Hinduism is not a dogmatic religion. Believers enjoy a lot of freedom in choosing their deities and methods of worship. The tradition explicitly prohibits coercive methods, suggesting that one should not try to unsettle the faith of another and one should give instructions in scriptural knowledge or religious practice only to those who are eager to know, who are qualified and who are ready.
Conversions
Hinduism is also not a missionary religion. People are admitted into Hinduism by birth, through family, by marriage or by initiation. Conversions are allowed. However, they are not explicitly encouraged. The tradition encourages debates and discussions with the followers of other faith, but not forceful conversions or conversions under inducement.
Artificial construct
Hinduism is an artificial amalgamation of numerous, divergent traditions, beliefs, and practices that originated in India. For millenniums, India had been home to multiple faiths and diverse racial and ethnic groups. People speak numerous languages, worship numerous gods and follow many spiritual paths. Since it emerged out of the medley of that ancient world, it cannot strictly be called a religion in the western sense. It has no founder, no specific doctrine, and no specific institution that represents all.
Universal religion
Indeed, you can find the predominant beliefs, practices and philosophies of all world religions in Hinduism. Hence, you cannot even equate Hinduism with any of them. It stands above them as a basket of religions from which you can choose whatever you like to practice or follow. Truly speaking everyone in this world is a Hindu, whether he believes in God or not, whether he is a Hindu or a Buddhist or of some other faith.
A Hindu means any person who embodied the individual soul, who has been separated from God or from his own divinity, and who lives under the illusion of duality. Someday, each disconnected soul has to find his way back and return to its pure, eternal state. Therefore, no one needs to force anyone to become a Hindu in the physical sense, because karmically all human beings eventually evolve and become aware of the need for liberation. It will bring them either directly or indirectly to Hinduism and the paths and solutions it offers.