Gautama Sutras

CHAPTER II.

1. Before initiation (a child) may follow its inclinations in behaviour, speech, and eating. (It shall) not partake of offerings. (It shall remain) chaste. It may void urine and fæces according to its convenience. 1 

2. No rule of (purification by) sipping water is prescribed for it. But (the stains of impure substances) shall be removed by wiping, by washing, or by sprinkling water. 2

3. (Other persons) cannot be defiled by the touch of such (a child).

4. But one must not employ a (child) to perform oblations in the fire or Bali-offerings; 4

5. Nor must one make it recite Vedic texts, except in pronouncing Svadhâ. 5

6. The restrictive rules, (which will be enumerated hereafter, must be obeyed) after initiation,

7. And (for a student the duty of) chastity, which has been prescribed (above for a child is likewise obligatory), 7

8. (Also) to offer (daily) sacred fuel in the fire, and to beg, to speak the truth, (and) to bathe (daily). 8

9. Some (declare, that the duty) to bathe (exists) after (the performance of) the Godâna (only). 9

10. And the morning and evening devotions (Sandhyâ must be performed) outside (the village). 10

11. Silent he shall stand during the former, and sit during the latter, from (the time when one) light (is still visible) until (the other) light (appears). 11

12. He shall not look at the sun. 12

13. He shall avoid honey, meat, perfumes, garlands, sleep in the day-time, ointments, collyrium, a carriage, shoes, a parasol, love, anger, covetousness, perplexity, garrulity, playing musical instruments, bathing (for pleasure), cleaning the teeth, elation, dancing, singing, calumny, (and) terror, 13

14. (And) in the presence of his Gurus, covering his throat, crossing his legs, leaning (against a wall or the like, and) stretching out his feet, 14

15. (As well as) spitting, laughing, yawning, cracking the joints of the fingers, 15

16. To gaze at and to touch women, if there is danger of a breach of chastity, 16

17. Gambling, low service, to take things not offered, to injure animate beings, 17

18. To pronounce the names of the teacher, of the (teacher's) sons and wives, and of a person who has performed the Dîkshanîyeshti of a Soma-sacrifice, 18

19. To make bitter speeches. 19

20. A Brâhmana (shall) always (abstain from) spirituous liquor. 20

21. (A student) shall occupy a seat and a couch lower (than those of his teacher), shall rise before (him) and retire to rest after (him). 21

22. He shall keep his tongue, his arms, and his stomach in subjection. 22

23. (If it is absolutely necessary to pronounce), 23

his teacher's name and family-name, he ought to indicate it by (using) a synonymous term.

24. (He must speak) in the same (respectful) manner of a man who is (generally) revered and of his betters.

25. (If the teacher speaks to him), he shall answer after having risen from his couch or seat (in case he was lying down or sitting). 25

26. At the command (of his teacher) he shall approach, though the (teacher) may not be visible. 26

27. And if he sees his teacher standing or sitting in a lower place or to the leeward or to the windward, he shall rise (and change his position). 27

28. If (his teacher) is walking, he shall walk after him, informing him of the work (which he is going to do and) telling (him what he has done). 28

29. He shall study after having been called (by the teacher, and not request the latter to begin the lesson). 29

30. He shall be intent on (doing) what is pleasing and serviceable (to the teacher). 30

31. And (he shall behave) towards (the teacher's) wives and sons just as (towards the teacher), 31

32. But not eat their leavings, attend them while bathing, assist them at their toilet, wash their feet, shampoo them nor embrace their feet.

33. On returning from a journey he shall embrace the feet of the wives of his teacher.

34. Some declare, that (a pupil) who has attained his majority is not (to act thus) towards young (wives of his teacher). 34

35. Alms may be accepted from men, of all castes, excepting Abhisastas and outcasts. 35

36. (In begging) the word 'Lady' must be pronounced in the beginning, in the middle, or at the end (of the request), according to the order of the castes. 36

37. (He may beg in the houses) of the teacher, of blood relations, (or) of Gurus, and in his own, if he obtains no (alms) elsewhere. 37

38. Among these he shall avoid each preceding one (more carefully than those named later). 38

39. Having announced to the teacher (what he has received) and having received his permission, the (student) may eat (the collected food). 39

40. If (the teacher) is not present, (he shall seek the permission to eat) from his (teacher's) wives or sons, from fellow-students or virtuous (strangers). 40

41. Having placed water by his side, (he shall eat) in silence, contented, (and) without greed. 41

42. (As a rule) a pupil shall not be punished corporally. 42

43. If no (other course) is possible, (he may be corrected) with a thin rope or a thin cane. 43

44. If (the teacher) strikes him with any other (instrument), he shall be punished by the king.

45. He shall remain a student for twelve years in order (to study) one (recension of the Veda), 45

46. Or, if (he studies) all (the Vedas) twelve years for each,

47. Or during (as long a period as he requires for) learning (them).

48. On completion of the instruction the teacher must be offered a fee. 48

49. After (the pupil) has paid (that) and has been dismissed, he may, at his pleasure, bathe (as is customary on completion of the studentship). 49

50. The teacher is chief among all Gurus. 50

51. Some (say) that the mother (holds that place).

CHAPTER III.

1. Some (declare, that) he (who has studied the Veda) may make his choice (which) among the orders (he is going to enter). 1

2. (The four orders are, that of) the student, (that of) the householder, (that of) the ascetic (bhikshu), (and that of) the hermit in the woods (vaikhânasa). 2

3. The householder is the source of these, because the others do not produce offspring. 3

4. Among them a (professed) student (must follow the rules) given (in the preceding chapters). 4

5. He shall remain obedient to his teacher until (his) end. 5

6. In (the time) remaining after (he has attended to) the business of his Guru, he shall recite (the Veda). 6

7. If the Guru dies, he shall serve his son,

8. (Or) if there is no (son of the teacher), an older fellow-student, or the fire.

9. He who lives thus, gains the heaven of Brahman, and (of him it is said that) he has subdued his organs (of sense and action).

10. And these (restrictions imposed on students Must also be observed by men) of other (orders, provided they are) not opposed (to their particular duties). 10

11. An ascetic shall not possess (any) store. 11

12. (He must be) chaste,

13. He must not change his residence during the rainy season. 13

14. He shall enter a village (only) in order to beg.

15. He shall beg late (after people have finished their meals), without returning (twice), 15

16. Abandoning (all) desire (for sweet food).

17. He shall restrain his speech, his eyes, (and) his actions.

18. He shall wear a cloth to cover his nakedness.

19. Some (declare, that he shall wear) an old rag, after having washed it. 19

20. He shall not take parts of plants and trees, except such as have become detached (spontaneously). 20

21. Out of season he shall not dwell a second night in (the same) village. 21

22. He may either shave or wear a lock on the crown of the head.

23. He shall avoid the destruction of seeds. 23

24. (He shall be) indifferent towards (all) creatures, (whether they do him) an injury or a kindness.

25. He shall not undertake (anything for his temporal or spiritual welfare).

26. A hermit (shall live) in the forest subsisting on roots and fruits, practising austerities. 26

27. Kindling the fire according to the (rule of the) Srâmanaka (Sûtra, he shall offer oblations in the morning and evening). 27

28. He shall eat wild-growing (vegetables only).

29. He shall worship gods, manes, men, goblins, and Rishis. 29

30. He shall receive hospitably (men of) all (castes) except those (with whom intercourse is) forbidden.

31. He may even use the flesh of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. 31

32. He shall not step on ploughed (land),

33. And he shall not enter a village.

34. He shall wear (his hair in) braids, and dress in (garments made of) bark and skins. 34

35. He shall not eat anything that has been hoarded for more than a year. 35

36. But the venerable teacher (prescribes) one order only, because the order of householders is explicitly prescribed (in the Vedas). 36

CHAPTER IV.

1. A householder shall take a wife (of) equal (caste), who has not belonged to another man and is younger (than himself). 1

2. A marriage (may be contracted) between persons who have not the same Pravaras, 2

3. (And) who are not related within six degrees on the father's side, 3

4. Or on the side of the begetter, 4

5. (Nor) within four degrees on the mothers side. 5

6. (If the father) gives (his daughter) dressed (in two garments) and decked with ornaments to a person possessing (sacred) learning, of virtuous conduct, who has relatives and a (good) disposition, (that is a) Brâhma (wedding). 6

7. At the Prâgâpatya (wedding) the marriage formula is, 'Fulfil ye the law conjointly.' 7

8. At the Ârsha (wedding the bridegroom) shall present a cow and a bull to him who has (authority over) the maiden. 8

9. (If the bride) is given, decked with ornaments. to a priest at the altar, that is a Daiva wedding. 9

10. The spontaneous union with a willing (maiden is called) a Gândharva wedding. 10

11. If those who have (authority over) a female are propitiated by money, (that is) an Âsura wedding. 11

12. (If the bride) is taken by force, (that is) a Râkshasa wedding. 12

13. If (a man) embraces a female deprived of consciousness, (that is) a Paisâka wedding. 13

14. The first four (rites) are lawful; 14

15. Some say, (the first) six. 15

16. (Children) born in the regular order of wives of the next, second or third lower castes (become) Savarnas, Ambashthas, Ugras, Nishâdas, Daushyantas or Pârasavas. 16

17. (Children born) in the inverted order (of wives of higher castes become) Sûtas, Mâgadhas, Âyogavas, Kshattris, Vaidehakas or Kandâlas. 17

18. Some declare, that a woman of the Brâhmana caste has born successively to (husbands of) the (four) castes, sons (who are) Brâhmanas, Sûtas, Mâgadhas or Kandâlas; 18

19. (And that) a woman of the Kshatriya caste (has born) to the same, Mûrdhâvasiktas, Kshatriyas, Dhîvaras, Pulkasas;

20. Further, a woman of the Vaisya caste to the same, Bhrigyakanthas, Mâhishyas, Vaisyas, and Vaidehas;

21. (And) a woman of the Sûdra caste to the same, Pârasavas, Yavanas, Karanas, and Sûdras.

22. In the seventh (generation men obtain) a change of caste, either being raised to a higher one or being degraded to a lower one. 22

23. The venerable teacher declares (that this happens) in the fifth (generation). 23

24. And (the same rule applies) to those born (from parents of different classes that are) intermediate between (two of the castes originally) created (by Brahman). 24

25. But those born in the inverse order (from fathers of a lower and mothers of a higher caste stand) outside (the pale of) the sacred law, 25

26. As well as (those born in the regular order) from a female of the Sûdra caste. 26

27. But he whom a Sûdra (begets) on a female of unequal caste shall be treated like an outcast. 27

28. The last (named, the Kandâla), is the foulest. 28

29. Virtuous sons (born of wives of equal caste) and wedded according to approved rites sanctify (their father's family).

30. (A son born of a wife married) according to the Ârsha rite (saves) three ancestors (from hell), 30

31. (A son born of a wife married) according to the Daiva rite ten, 31

32. (A son born of a wife married) according to the Prâgâpatya rite, also ten. 32

33. (But) the son of a wife married according to the Brâhma rite (saves) ten ancestors, ten descendants, and himself. 33

CHAPTER V.

1. (A householder) shall approach (his wife) in the proper season, 1

2. Or (he may do so) at any time except on the forbidden (days). 2

3. He shall worship gods, manes, men, goblins, (and) Rishis. 3

4. Every day he shall recite privately (a portion of the Veda), 4

5. And the (daily) libation of water to the manes (is obligatory on him). 5

6. Other (rites than these he may perform) according, to his ability. 6

7. The (sacred) fire (must be kindled) on his marriage or on the division of the family estate. 7

8. The domestic (ceremonies must be performed) with (the aid of) that (fire). 8

9. (Also) the sacrifices to the gods, manes, (and) men? and the private recitation (and) the Bali-offerings. 9

10. The oblations (which are thrown) into the (sacred) fire (at the Vaisvadeva-sacrifice are offered) to Agni, to Dhanvantari, to all the gods, to Pragâpati, (and to Agni) Svishtakrit; 10

11. And (Bali-offerings must be given) to the deities presiding over the (eight) points of the horizon, in their respective places, 11

12. At the doors (of the house) to the Maruts, 12

13. To the deities of the dwelling inside (the house), 13

14. To Brahman in the centre (of the house), 14

15. To the Waters near the water-pot,

16. To the Ether in the air, 16

17. And to the Beings walking about at night in the evening. 17

18. A gift of food shall be preceded by a libation of water and (it shall be presented) after (the recipient) has been made to say, 'May welfare attend thee,' 18

19. And the same (rule applies) to all gifts presented for the sake of spiritual merit.

20. The reward of a gift (offered) to a person who is not a Brâhmana is equal (to the value of the gift), those (of presents given) to a Brâhmana twofold, to a Srotriya thousandfold, to one who knows the whole Veda (vedapâraga) endless. 20

21. Presents of money (must be given) outside the Vedi to persons begging for their Gurus, (or) in order to defray the expenses of their wedding, (or 21 to procure) medicine for the sick, to those who are without means of subsistence, to those who are going to offer a sacrifice, to those engaged in study, to travellers, (and) to those who have performed the Visvagit-sacrifice.

22. Prepared food (must be given) to other beggars. 22

23. For an unlawful purpose he shall not give (anything), though he may have promised it. 23

24. An untruth spoken by people under the influence of anger, excessive fear, pain (or) greed, by infants, very old men, persons labouring under a delusion, those being under the influence of drink (or) by mad men does not cause (the speaker) to fall. 24

25. Before (a householder eats) he shall feed his guests, the infants, the sick people, the pregnant women, the females under his protection, the very aged men, and those of low condition (who may be in his house). 25

26. But (when) his teacher, parents (or intimate) friends (visit his house), he shall proceed to the preparation of the dinner after asking them (for orders). 26

27. When an officiating priest, his teacher, his father-in-law, paternal or maternal uncles visit (him), a Madhuparka (or honey-mixture must be offered to them). 27

28. (If they have been once honoured in this manner, the ceremony need be) repeated (only) after a year.

29. (But) on (the occasion of) a sacrifice and of the wedding (a Madhuparka must be offered, though) less than a year (has passed since the last visit of the persons thus honoured).

30. And to a king) who is a Srotriya (a Madhuparka must be offered as often as he comes), 30

31. (But to a king) who is not a Srotriya a seat and water. 31

32. But for a Srotriya he shall cause to be prepared a foot-bath, an Arghya, and food of a superior quality. 32

33. Or his usual food distinguished by a (particularly careful) preparation. 33

34. To a (Brâhmana) who is not learned in the Vedas, (but) of good conduct, food of a middling (quality) shall be given, 34

35. To one who is the reverse (of virtuous) grass, water, and earth,

36. (Or) at least a welcome. 36

37. Honour (must be shown to a guest, and the host must) not dine better (than his guest). 37

38. A couch, a seat, (and) a lodging (of the) same (quality as the host uses must be given) to (a guest) of equal condition and to one's betters; they must be accompanied (on departure) and respectfully attended to (during their stay). 38

39. (The host shall show similar) though less (attention) to (a guest) who is inferior (to himself). 39

40. He is called a guest who, belonging to a different village (and) intending to stay for one night only, arrives when the sun's beams pass over the trees. 40

41. According (to his caste a guest) must be asked about his well-being (kusala), about his being free from hurt (anâmaya), or about his health (ârogya). 41

42. The last (formula must also be used in addressing a Sûdra.

43. A man of a lower caste (is) not (to be considered) a guest by a Brâhmana, except if he has approached on (the occasion of) a sacrifice. 43

44. But a Kshatriya must be fed after the Brâhmana (guests).

45. (Men of) other (castes he shall feed) with his servants for mercy's sake.

CHAPTER VI.

1. (To salute) every day on meeting (by) an embrace of the feet, 1

2. And (particularly) on return from a journey,

3. (Is prescribed in the case) of parents, of their blood relations, of elder (brothers), of persons venerable 3

on account, of their learning, and of the Gurus of the latter.

4. On meeting (several persons, to whom such a salutation is due), together, the most venerable (must be saluted first). 4

5. On meeting persons who understand (the rule of returning salutes) one shall salute (them) pronouncing one's name, and (saving) 'I N. N. (ho! salute thee).' 5

6. Some (declare that) there is no restrictive rule for salutations between man and wife. 6

7. (The feet of) other female (relations) than the mother, a paternal uncle's wife and (elder) sisters (need) not (be embraced, nor need they be saluted) except on return from a journey. 7

8. The feet of wives of brothers and of the mother-in-law (need) not be embraced (on any occasion).

9. But (on the arrival of an) officiating priest, a father-in-law, paternal and maternal uncles who are younger (than oneself), one must rise; they need not be saluted (as prescribed above, Sûtra 5). 9

10. In like manner (any) other aged fellow-citizen, even a Sûdra of eighty years and more, (must be honoured) by one young enough to be his son, 10

11. (And) an Ârya, though (he be) younger, by a Sûdra; 11

12. And he shall avoid (to pronounce) the name of that (person who is worthy of a salutation). 12

13. And an official who (is) not (able to) recite (the Veda shall avoid to pronounce the name) of the king.

14. A contemporary who is born on the same day (shall be addressed with the terms) bhoh or bhavan (your honour), 14

15. (Likewise) a fellow-citizen who is ten years older (than oneself), 15

16. (Also) an artist who is five years (older), 16

17. And a Srotriya belonging to one's own Vedic school who is three years older, 17

18. (Further), Brâhmanas destitute of learning and those who follow the occupations of Kshatriyas or Vaisyas, 18

19. And (a contemporary) who has performed the Dîkshanîyeshti of a Soma-sacrifice before he buys (the Soma).

20. Wealth, relations, occupation, birth, learning, and age must be honoured; (but) each later named 20 [paragraph continues] (quality) is more important (than the preceding ones).

21. But sacred learning is more important than all (other good qualities), 21

22. Because that is the root of the sacred law,

23. And because the Veda (expressly declares it). 23

24. Way must be made for a man seated in a carriage, for one who is in his tenth (decade), for one requiring consideration, for a woman, for a Snâtaka, and for a king. 24

25. But a king (must make way) for a Srotriya. 25

CHAPTER VII.

1. The rule for (times of) distress (is) that a Brâhmana may study under a teacher who is not a Brâhmana. 1

2. (A student is bound) to walk behind and to obey (his non-Brahmanical teacher). 2

3. (But), when (the course of study) has been finished, the Brâhmana (pupil is more) venerable (than his teacher). 3

4. (In times of distress it is permissible) to offer 4

sacrifices for (men of) all (castes), to teach (them), and to accept (presents from them).

5. Each preceding (mode of living is) preferable (to those named later). 5

6. On failure of the (occupations lawful for a Brâhmana) he may live by the occupations of a Kshatriya. 6

7. On failure of those, he may live by the occupations of a Vaisya. 7

8. (Goods) that may not be sold by a (Brâhmana are),

9. Perfumes, substances (used for) flavouring (food), prepared food, sesamum, hempen and linen cloth, skins, 9

10. Garments dyed red or washed, 10

11. Milk and preparations from it, 11

12. Roots, fruits, flowers, medicines, honey, flesh, grass, water, poison,

13. Nor animals for slaughter,

14. Nor, under any circumstances, human beings, heifers, female calves, cows big with young. 14

15. Some (declare, that the traffic in) land, rice, barley, goats, sheep, horses, bulls, milch-cows, and draught-oxen (is) likewise (forbidden). 15

16. But (it is permissible) to barter, 16

17. One kind of substances used for flavouring others,

18. And animals (for animals).

19. Salt and prepared food (must) not (be bartered), 19

20. Nor sesamum.

21. But for present use an equal (quantity of) uncooked (food may be exchanged) for cooked (food).

22. But if no (other course is) possible (a Brâhmana) may support himself in any way except by (following the occupations) of a Sûdra. 22

23. Some (permit) even this in case his life is in danger.

24. But to mix with that (caste) and forbidden food must be avoided (even in times of distress). 24

25. If his life is threatened, even a Brâhmana may use arms. 25

26. (In times of distress) a Kshatriya (may follow) the occupations of a Vaisya. 26

CHAPTER VIII.

1. A king and a Brâhmana, deeply versed in the Vedas, these two, uphold the moral order in the world. 1

2. On them depends the existence of the fourfold human race, of internally conscious beings, of those which move on feet and on wings, and of those which creep, 2

3. (As well as) the protection of offspring, the prevention of the confusion (of the castes and) the sacred law. 3

4. He is (called) deeply versed in the Vedas, 4

5. Who is acquainted with the (ways of the) world, the Vedas (and their) Aṅgas (auxiliary sciences),

6. Who is skilled in disputations (and), in (reciting) legends and the Purâna,

7. Who looks to these (alone), and lives according to these,

8. Who has been sanctified by the forty sacraments (samskâra), 8

9. Who is constantly engaged in the three occupations (prescribed for all twice-born men), 9

10. Or in the six (occupations prescribed specially for a Brâhmana), 10

11. (And) who is well versed in the duties of 11 daily life settled by the agreement (of those who know the law).

12. (Such a Brâhmana) must be allowed by the king immunity from (the following) six (kinds of opprobrious treatment): 12

13. (I.e.) he must not be subjected to corporal punishment, he must not be imprisoned, he must not be fined, he must not be exiled, he must not be reviled, nor be excluded.

14. The Garbhâdhâna (or ceremony to cause conception), the Pumsavana (or ceremony to cause the birth of a male child), the Sîmantonnayana (or arranging the parting of the pregnant wife's hair), the Gâtakarman (or ceremony on the birth of the child), the ceremony of naming the child, the first feeding, the Kaula (or tonsure of the head of the child), the initiation, 14

15. The four vows (undertaken) for the study of the Veda, 15

16. The bath (on completion of the studentship), 16 the taking of a help-mate for the fulfilment of the religious duties, the performance of the five sacrifices to gods, manes, men, goblins, and Brahman,

17. And (the performance) of the following (sacrifices):

18. The seven kinds of Pâkayagñas (or small sacrifices),viz. the Ashtakâ, the Pârvana Sthâlîpâka, offered on the new and full moon days), the funeral oblations, the Srâvanî, the Âgrahâyanî, the Kaitrî, and the Âsvayugî; 18

19. The seven kinds of Haviryagñas, viz. the Agnyâdheya, the Agnihotra, the Darsapaurnamâsas, the Âgrayana, the Kâturmâsyas, the Nirûdhapasubandha, and the Sautrâmanî; 19

20. The seven kinds of Soma-sacrifices, viz. the Agnishtoma, the Atyagnishtoma, the Ukthya, the Shodasin, the Atirâtra, and the Aptoryâma;

21. These are the forty sacraments.

22. Now (follow) the eight good qualities of the soul, 22

23. (Viz.) compassion on all creatures, forbearance, freedom from anger, purity, quietism, auspiciousness, freedom from avarice, and freedom from covetousness. 23

24. He who is sanctified by these forty sacraments, but whose soul is destitute of the eight good qualities, will not be united with Brahman, nor does he reach his heaven.

25. But he, forsooth, who is sanctified by a few only of these forty sacraments, and whose soul is endowed with the eight excellent qualities, will be united with Brahman, and will dwell in his heaven.

CHAPTER IX.

1. Such (a man) shall bathe, after (having fulfilled) the, law (regarding studentship), take unto him a wife, and, fulfilling the duties of a householder which have been declared above, in addition obey the following ordinances 1

2. (He shall be) always pure (and) sweet-smelling (and) bathe frequently. 2

3. If he possesses wealth, he shall not be dressed in old or dirty clothes; 3

4. Nor shall he wear dyed or sumptuous garments, nor such as have been worn (before) by others,

5. Nor a garland and shoes (that have been worn by others). 5

6. (He may wear a cast-off garment) which has been washed, if he is unable (to afford a new one). 6

7. He shall not allow his beard to grow without a (sufficient) reason. 7

8. He shall not carry water and fire at the same time. 8

9. He shall not drink out of his joined hands. 9

10. He shall not sip water standing, nor (shall he sip) water drawn up (from a well), 10

11. Nor (water) that is offered by a Sûdra or an impure man, or that has been taken up with one hand. 11

12. Facing or within sight of wind, fire, Brâhmanas, the sun, water, (images of the) gods, and cows he shall not eject urine or fæces or other impurities. 12

13. He shall not stretch out his feet towards those divine beings. 13

14. He shall not remove urine or fæces with leaves, clods of earth, or stones. 14

15. He shall not stand upon ashes, hair, nail (parings), husks (of grain), pot-sherds, or impure substances. 15

16. He shall not converse with barbarians, impure or wicked men. 16

17. If he has conversed (with such persons), he shall meditate on virtuous (men),

18. Or he may speak with a Brâhmana. 18

19. He shall call (a cow that is) not a milch-cow a cow that will become a milch-cow. 19

20. (An event) that is not lucky (he shall call) lucky.

21. (In speaking of) a skull (he shall use the word) bhagâla instead of kapâla,

22. (And in speaking of) a rainbow, manidhanus (the jewelled bow) instead of indradhanus, (Indra's bow). 22

23. Let him not announce it to others, if a cow suckles (her calf), 23

24. Nor let him prevent her (from doing it). 24

25. After conjugal intercourse he shall at once clean himself 25

26. Let him not recite the daily portion of the Veda (lying) on that couch (on which he lies with his wife). 26

27. And when he has studied during the third watch of the night, he shall not again retire to rest. 27

28. Let him not have intercourse with his wife when she is ill,

29. Nor during her courses; 29

30. Nor let him embrace her (during that period),

31. Nor an unmarried female.

32. He shall avoid to blow the fire with his mouth, to contend with words, to show himself covered with perfumed ointments or wearing garlands, to scratch himself with any impure (implement), to take his meals with his wife, to look at (a woman) who is anointing herself, to enter (his village) by a back-gate, to wash one foot with the other, to eat food deposited on a chair, to cross a river swimming, to ascend trees and dangerous (places), or to descend therefrom, and to imperil his life (in any other manner). 32

33. Let him not ascend a ship (of) doubtful (solidity). 33

34. He shall protect himself by all (possible) means.

35. In the day-time he shall not wrap up his head while walking about; 35

36. But at night he shall cover it,

37. And while voiding urine and fæces.

38. (Let him) not (ease nature) without (first) covering the ground (with grass or the like), 38

39. Nor close to his dwelling, 39

40. Nor on ashes, on cow-dung, in a ploughed field, in the shade (of a tree), on a road, in beautiful (spots). 40

41. Let him eject both urine and fæces, facing the north in the day-time, 41

42. And in the twilight,

43. But at night, facing the south. 43

44. Let him avoid to use a seat, clogs, a stick for cleaning the teeth (and other implements) made of Palâsa-wood. 44

45. With shoes on (his feet), he shall not eat, sit down, salute, or worship (the gods). 45

46. Let him not pass idly (any part of the day, be it) morning, midday, or evening; (but) according to his ability (he shall make each useful) by the acquisition of spiritual merit or of wealth, and by taking his pleasure. 46

47. But among those (three aims of human life) he shall chiefly attend to the acquisition of spiritual merit. 47

48. Let him not look at a naked woman wedded to another man. 48

49. Let him not draw a seat towards himself with his foot.

50. He shall keep his organ, his stomach, his hands, his feet, his tongue, and his eyes under due restraint. 50

51. Let him avoid to cut, to break, to scratch, and to crush (anything), or to make (his joints) crack, without a (sufficient) reason. 51

52. Let him not step over a rope (to which) a calf (is tied). 52

53. Let him not be a stay-at-home.

54. Let him not go to (perform) a sacrifice without being chosen (to officiate as priest).

55. But at his pleasure (he may go) to see it.

56. Let him not eat food (that he has placed) in his lap, 56

57. Nor what has been brought at night by a servant. 57

58. He shall not eat (substances) from which the fat has been extracted, Such as milk from which the cream has separated, butter, oil-cake, buttermilk, and the like. 58

59. But he shall take his meals in the morning and in the evening, blessing his food, not grumbling at it. 59

60. He shall never sleep naked at night; 60

61. Nor shall he bathe (naked); 61

62. And he shall perform whatever (else) aged (Brâhmanas), of subdued senses, who have been properly obedient (to their teachers), who are free from deceit, covetousness, and error, and who know the Vedas, declare (to be right). 62

63. In order to acquire wealth and for the sake of security he may go to a ruling (king), 63

64. (But) to no other (being) except the gods, his Gurus, and righteous (Brâhmanas).

65. He shall seek to dwell in a place where firewood, water, fodder, Kusa grass, (materials for making) garlands and roads exist in abundance, which is chiefly inhabited by Âryans, which is rich in industrious (men), and which is governed by a righteous (ruler). 65

66. He shall pass excellent (beings and things), 66 auspicious (objects), temples of the gods, crossroads, and the like with his right turned towards them.

67. The rule for times of distress (is, that) he shall mentally perform all (that is required by the rule of) conduct. 67

68. He shall always speak the truth. 68

69. He shall conduct himself (as becomes) an Âryan.

70. He shall instruct virtuous (men only). 70

71. He shall follow the rules of purification taught (in the Sâstras). 71

72. He shall take pleasure in the (study of the) Veda. 72

73. He shall never hurt (any being), he shall be gentle, (yet) firm, ever restrain his senses, and be liberal. 73

74. A Snâtaka who conducts himself in this manner will liberate his parents, his ancestors, and descendants from evil, and never fall from Brahman's heaven. 74

CHAPTER X.

1. (The lawful occupations common) to (all) twice-born men are studying the (Veda), offering sacrifices (for their own sake), and giving (alms). 1

2. Teaching, performing sacrifices for others, and receiving alms (are) the additional (occupations) of a Brâhmana. 2

3. But the former (three) are obligatory (on him). 3

4. Instruction in the Veda (may be given) without the above-mentioned (vows and ceremonies) in case a teacher, blood relations, friends or Gurus (receive it), and in case (the Veda) is exchanged for money or learning. 4

5. Agriculture and trade (are) also (lawful for a Brâhmana) provided he does not do the work himself, 5

6. Likewise lending money at interest.

7. To protect all created beings is the additional (occupation) of a king, 7

8. And to inflict lawful punishments.

9. He shall support (those) Srotriyas, (who are) Brâhmanas, 9

10. And people unable to work, (even if they are) not Brâhmanas,

11. And those who are free from taxes, 11

12. And (needy) temporary students. 12

13. And (to take) measures for ensuring victory (is another duty of a king), 13

14. Especially when danger (from foes threatens the kingdom);

15. And (to learn) the management of chariots and the use of the bow (is a further duty of the king),

16. As well as to stand firm in battle and not to turn back. 16

17. No sin (is committed) by injuring or slaying (foes) in battle, 17

18. Excepting those who have lost their horses, charioteers, or arms, those who join their hands (in supplication), those who flee with flying hair, those who sit down with averted faces, those who have climbed (in flight) on eminences or trees, messengers, and those who declare themselves to be cows or Brâhmanas.

19. If another Kshatriya is supported by (the king), he shall follow the same occupations as his (master).

20. The victor shall receive the booty gained in battle. 20

21. But chariots and animals used for riding (belong) to the king,

22. And a preferential share, except when the booty has been gained in single combat. 22

23. But the king shall equitably divide (all) other (spoils).

24. Cultivators (must) pay to the king a tax 24 (amounting to) one-tenth, one-eighth, or one-sixth (of the produce).

25. Some declare, that (there is a tax) also on cattle and gold, (viz.) one-fiftieth (of the stock). 25

26. In the case of merchandise one-twentieth (must be paid by the seller) as duty, 26

27. (And) of roots, fruits, flowers, medicinal herbs, honey, meat, grass, and firewood one-sixtieth. 27

28. For it is the duty (of the king) to protect the (tax-payers). 28

29. But to (the collection of) these (taxes) he shall always pay particular attention. 29

30. He shall live on the surplus. 30

31. Each artisan shall monthly do one (day's) work (for the king). 31

32. Hereby (the taxes payable by) those who 32 support themselves by personal labour have been explained,

33. And (those payable by) owners of ships and carts.

34. He for him must feed these (persons while they work).

35. The merchants shall (each) give (every month one) article of merchandise for less than the market value.

36. Those who find lost (property) the owner of which is not (known), shall announce it to the king. 36

37. The king shall cause it to be proclaimed (by the public crier), and (if the owner does not appear) hold it in his custody for a year.

38. Afterwards one-fourth (of the value goes) to the finder (and) the remainder to the king.

39. A (man becomes) owner by inheritance, purchase, partition, seizure, or finding. 39

40. Acceptance is for a Brâhmana an additional (mode of acquisition);

41. Conquest for a Kshatriya;

42. Gain (by labour) for a Vaisya or Sûdra.

43. Treasure-trove is the property of the king, 43

44. Excepting (such as is found) by a Brâhmana who lives according to (the law). 44

45. Some declare, that a finder of a non-Brâhmanical caste even, who announces (his find to the king), shall obtain one-sixth (of the value).

46. Having recovered property stolen by thieves, he shall return it to the owner; 46

47. Or (if the stolen property is not recovered) he shall pay (its value) out of his treasury. 47

48. The property of infants must be protected until they attain their majority or complete their studentship. 48

49. The additional (occupations) of a Vaisya are, agriculture, trade, tending cattle, and lending money at interest. 49

50. The Sûdra (belongs to) the fourth caste, which has one birth (only). 50

51. For him also (are prescribed) truthfulness, meekness, and purity. 51

52. Some (declare), that instead of sipping water, he shall wash his hands and feet.

53. (He shall also offer) the funeral oblations, 53

54. Maintain those depending upon him,

55. Live with his wife (only), 55

56. And serve the higher (castes). 56

57. From them he shall seek to obtain his livelihood. 57

58. (He shall use their) cast-off shoes, umbrellas, garments, and mats (for sitting on), 58

59. (And) eat the remnants of their food;

60. And (he may) live by (practising) mechanical arts; 60

61. And the Ârya under whose protection he places himself, must support him even if he (becomes) unable to work.

62. And a man of higher caste (who is his master and has fallen into distress must be maintained) by him.

63. His hoard shall serve this purpose.

64. If permission has been given to him, he may use the exclamation namah (adoration) as his Mantra.

65. Some (declare), that he himself may offer the Pâkayagñas. 65

66. And all men must serve those who belong to higher castes.

67. If Âryans and non-Âryans interchange their occupations and conduct (the one taking that of the other, there is) equality (between them). 67

CHAPTER XI.

1. The king is master of all, with the exception of Brâhmanas. 1

2. (He shall be) holy in acts and speech, 2

3. Fully instructed in the threefold (sacred science) and in logic, 3

4. Pure, of subdued senses, surrounded by companions 4 possessing excellent qualities and by the means (for upholding his rule).

5. He shall be impartial towards his subjects; 5

6. And he shall do (what is) good for them. 6

7. All, excepting Brâhmanas, shall worship him who is seated on a higher seat, (while they them-selves sit on a) lower (one). 7

8. The (Brâhmanas), also, shall honour him. 8

9. He shall protect the castes and orders in accordance with justice; 9

10. And those who leave (the path of) duty, he shall lead back (to it). 10

11. For it is declared (in the Veda) that he obtains a share of the spiritual merit (gained by his subjects). 11

12. And he shall select as his domestic priest (purohita) a Brâhmana who is learned (in the Vedas), of noble family, eloquent, handsome, of (a suitable) age, and of a virtuous disposition, who lives righteously and who is austere. 12

13. With his assistance he shall fulfil his religious duties. 13

14. For it is declared (in the Veda): 'Kshatriyas, who are assisted by Brâhmanas, prosper and do not fall into distress.' 14

15. He shall, also, take heed of that which astrologers and interpreters of omens tell (him).

16. For some (declare), that the acquisition of wealth and security depend also upon that.

17. He shall perform in the fire of the hall the rites ensuring prosperity which are connected with expiations (sânti), festivals, a prosperous march, long life, and auspiciousness; as well as those that are intended to cause enmity, to subdue (enemies), to destroy (them) by incantations, and to cause their misfortune. 17

18. Officiating priests (shall perform) the other (sacrifices) according to the precepts (of the Veda). 18

19. His administration of justice (shall be regulated by) the Veda, the Institutes of the Sacred Law, the Aṅgas, and the Purâna. 19

20. The laws of countries, castes, and families, which are not opposed to the (sacred) records, (have) also authority. 20

21. Cultivators, traders, herdsmen, money-lenders, and artisans (have authority to lay down rules) for their respective classes.

22. Having learned the (state of) affairs from those who (in each class) have authority (to speak he shall give) the legal decision. 22

23. Reasoning is a means for arriving at the truth. 23

24. Coming to a conclusion through that, he shall decide properly.

25. If (the evidence) is conflicting, he shall learn (the truth) from (Brâhmanas) who are well versed in 25 the threefold sacred lore, and give his decision (accordingly).

26. For, (if he acts) thus, blessings will attend him (in this world and the next). 26

27. It has been declared in the Veda: 'Brâhmanas, united with Kshatriyas, uphold gods, manes, and men.

28. They declare, that (the word) danda (rule or punishment) is derived from (the verb) damayati (he restrains); therefore he shall restrain those who do not restrain themselves.

29. (Men of) the (several) castes and orders who always live according to their duty enjoy after death the rewards of their works, and by virtue of a remnant of their (merit) they are born again in excellent countries, castes, and families, (endowed) with beauty, long life, learning in the Vedas, (virtuous) conduct, wealth, happiness, and wisdom. 29

30. Those who act in a contrary manner perish, being born again in various (evil conditions). 30

31. The advice of the spiritual teacher and the punishment (inflicted by the king) guard them. 31

32. Therefore a king and a spiritual teacher must not be reviled. 32

CHAPTER XII.

1. A Sûdra who intentionally reviles twice-born men by criminal abuse, or criminally assaults them with blows, shall be deprived of the limb with which he offends. 1

2. If he has criminal intercourse with an Âryan woman, his organ shall be cut off, and all his property be confiscated. 2

3. If (the woman had) a protector, he shall be executed after (having undergone the punishments prescribed above). 3

4. Now if he listens intentionally to (a recitation of) the Veda, his ears shall be filled with (molten) tin or lac.

5. If he recites (Vedic texts), his tongue shall be cut out.

6. If he remembers them, his body shall be split in twain.

7. If he assumes a position equal (to that of twice-born men) in sitting, in lying down, in conversation or on the road, he shall undergo (corporal) punishment. 7

8. A Kshatriya (shall be fined) one hundred (Kârshâpanas) if he abuses a Brâhmana, 8

9. In case of an assault, twice as much.

10. A Vaisya (who abuses a Brâhmana, shall pay) one and a half (times as much as a Kshatriya). 10

11. But a Brâhmana (who abuses) a Kshatriya (shall pay) fifty (Kârshâpanas), 11

12. One half of that (amount if he abuses) a Vaisya, 12

13. (And if he abuses) a Sûdra, nothing. 13

14. A Kshatriya and a Vaisya (who abuse one another shall pay the same fines) as a Brâhmana and a Kshatriya. 14

15. (The value of) property which a Sûdra unrighteously acquires by theft, must be repaid eightfold. 15

16. For each of the other castes (the fines must be) doubled. 16

17. If a learned man offends, the punishment shall be very much increased. 17

18. If fruits, green corn, and vegetables are appropriated in small amounts, (the fine is) five Krishnalas (of copper). 18

19. If damage is done by cattle, the responsibility falls on the owner.

20. But if (the cattle) were attended by a herdsman, (it falls) on the latter. 20

21. (If the damage was done) in an unenclosed field near the road, (the responsibility falls) on the herdsman and on the owner of the field.

22. Five Mâshas (are the fine to be paid) for (damage done by) a cow, 22

23. Six for a camel or a donkey,

24. Ten for a horse or a buffalo,

25. Two for each goat or sheep.

26. If all is destroyed, (the value of) the whole crop (must be paid and a fine in addition).

27. If (a man) always neglects the prescribed (duties) and does that which is forbidden, his property beyond (the amount required for) raiment and food shall be taken from him (until he amends). 27

28. He may take, as his own, grass for a cow, and fuel for his fire, as well as the flowers of creepers and trees and their fruit, if they be unenclosed. 28

29. The legal interest for money lent (is at the rate of) five Mâshas a month for twenty (Kârshâpanas). 29

30. Some (declare, that this rate should not be paid) longer than a year. 30

31. If (the loan) remains outstanding for a long time, the principal may be doubled (after which interest ceases). 31

32. A loan secured by a pledge that is used (by the creditor) bears no interest; 32

33. Nor money tendered, nor (a debt due by a debtor) who is forcibly prevented (from paying). 33

34. (Special forms of interest are) compound interest, periodical interest, 34

35. Stipulated interest, corporal interest, daily interest, and the use of a pledge. 35

36. The interest on products of animals, on wool, on the produce of a field, and on beasts of burden (shall) not (increase) more than the fivefold (value of the object lent). 36

37. The property of (a person who is) neither an idiot nor a minor, having been used by strangers before his eyes for ten years, (belongs) to him who uses it, 37

38. (But) not (if it is used) by Srotriyas, ascetics, or royal officials. 38

39. Animals, land, and females are not lost (to the owner) by (another's) possession. 39

40. The heirs shall pay the debts (of a deceased person). 40

41. Money due by a surety, a commercial debt, a fee (due to the parents of the bride), debts contracted for spirituous liquor or in gambling, and a fine shall not involve the sons (of the debtor). 41

42. An (open) deposit, a sealed deposit, an object lent for use, an object bought (but not paid), and a pledge, being lost without the fault of the holder, (shall not involve) any blameless person. 42

43. A man who has stolen (gold) shall approach the king, with flying hair, holding a club in his hand, and proclaim his deed. 43

44. Whether he be slain or be pardoned, he is purified (of his guilt).

45. If the king does not strike, the guilt falls on him. 45

46. Corporal punishment (must) not (be resorted to in the case) of a Brâhmana. 46

47. Preventing (a repetition of) the deed, publicly proclaiming his crime, banishment, and branding (are the punishments to which a Brâhmana, may be subjected). 47

48. That (king) who does not do his duty (by inflicting punishment) becomes liable to perform a penance. 48

49. (A man who) knowingly (becomes) the servant (of a thief shall be treated) like a thief, 49

50. Likewise he who (knowingly) receives (goods) from (a thief or) an unrighteous man.

51. The award of the punishment (must be regulated) by a consideration (of the status) of the criminal, of his (bodily) strength, of (the nature of) the crime, and whether the offence has been repeated. 51

52. Or a pardon (may be given) in accordance with the opinion of an assemblage of persons learned in the Vedas.

CHAPTER XIII.

1. In disputed cases the truth shall be established by means of witnesses. 1

2. The (latter) shall be many, faultless as regards the performance of their duties, worthy to be trusted by the king, and free from affection for, or hatred against either (party). 2

3. (They may be) Sûdras even. 3

4. But a Brâhmana must not be forced (to give evidence) at the word of a non-Brâhmana, except if he is mentioned (in the plaint). 4

5. (Witnesses) shall not speak singly or without being asked, 5

6. And if, (being asked,) they do not answer, they are guilty of a crime. 6

7. Heaven is their reward, if they speak the 7 truth; in the contrary case hell (will be their portion).

8. (Persons) not mentioned (in the plaint), must also give evidence.

9. No objection (can be raised against witnesses) in a case of (criminal) hurt, 9

10. Nor if they have spoken inadvertently. 10

11. If the sacred law or the rules (referring to worldly matters) are violated,. the guilt (falls) on the witnesses, the assessors, the king, and on the offender. 11

12. Some (declare, that the witnesses) shall be charged on oath to speak the truth. 12

13. In the case of others than Brâhmanas that (oath shall be sworn) in the presence of the gods, of the king, and of Brâhmanas.

14. By false evidence concerning small cattle a witness kills ten, 14

15. (By false evidence) regarding cows, horses, men, or land, in each succeeding case ten times as many (as in the one mentioned before),}

16. Or (by false evidence) regarding land the whole (human race).

17. Hell (is the punishment) for a theft of land.

18. (By false evidence) concerning water (he incurs) the same (guilt) as (for an untruth) about land,

19. Likewise (by false evidence) regarding (criminal) intercourse.

20. (By false evidence) regarding honey or clarified butter (he incurs) the same (guilt) as (by an untruth) about small cattle,

21. (By false evidence) about clothes, gold, grain, and the Veda, the same as (by an untruth) about kine,

22. (And by false evidence) regarding a carriage (or a beast of burden) the same as (by an untruth) about horses.

23. A witness must be reprimanded and punished for speaking an untruth. 23

24. No guilt is incurred by giving false evidence, in case the life (of a man) depends thereon. 24

25. But (this. rule does) not (hold good) if the life of a very wicked (man depends on the evidence of a witness).

26. The king, or the judge, or a Brâhmana learned in the Sâstras (shall examine the witnesses). 26

27. (The litigant) shall humbly go to seek the judge. 27

28. If (the defendant) is unable to answer (the plaint) at once, (the judge) may wait for a year. 28

29. But (in an action) concerning kine, draught oxen, women, or the procreation (of offspring), the defendant (shall answer) immediately, 29

30. Likewise in a case that will suffer by delay.

31. To speak the truth before the judge is more important than all (other) duties.

CHAPTER XIV.

1. The Sapindas become impure by the death (of a relative) during ten (days and) nights, except those who officiate as priests, who have performed the Dîkshanîyeshti (or initiatory ceremony of a Srauta sacrifice), and those who are students. 1

2. (The impurity) of a Kshatriya lasts for eleven (days and) nights, 2

3, (That) of a Vaisya twelve (days and) nights,

4. (Or), according to some, half a month,

5. (And that) of a Sûdra a whole month. 5

6. If during (a period of impurity) another (death) happens, the (relatives) shall be pure after (the lapse of) the remainder of that (first period). 6

7. (But) if one night (only of the period of impurity) remains (and another death happens, they shall become pure) after (the lapse of) two (days and nights).

8. (If the second death happens) on the morning (after the completion of the period of impurity, they shall be purified) after three (days and nights).

9. (The relatives) of those who are slain for the sake of cows and Brâhmanas (become pure) immediately after the burial, 9

10. And (those of men destroyed) by the anger of the king, 10

11. (Further, those of men killed) in battle,

12. Likewise (those) of men who voluntarily (die) by starving themselves to death, by weapons, fire, poison, or water, by hanging themselves, or by jumping (from a precipice). 12

13. Sapinda-relationship ceases with the fifth or the seventh (ancestor). 13

14. (The rules regarding impurity caused by the 14 death of a relative apply) to the birth (of a child) also.

15. (In) that (case the impurity falls) on the parents,

16. Or on, the mother (alone).

17. (The impurity) for a miscarriage (lasts for a number of days and) nights equal to (the number of) months from conception, 17

18. Or three days.

19. And if he hears (of the death of a Sapinda) after (the lapse of) ten (days and nights, the impurity lasts for) one night together with the preceding and following days,

20. Likewise when a relative who is not a Sapinda, a relative by marriage, or a fellow-student (has died). 20

21. For a man who studies the same recension of the Veda (the impurity lasts) one day, 21

22. Likewise for a Srotriya who dwells in the same house. 22

23. On touching (i.e. on carrying out) a corpse from an interested motive, the impurity lasts for ten days. 23

24. (The duration of the impurity) of a Vaisya and of a Sûdra (in the same case) has been declared (by Sûtras 3-5).

25. Or (it shall last for these two) as many nights as there are seasons (in the year); 25

26. And (the same rule may be made applicable) to the two higher (castes).

27. Or (the impurity lasts) three days.

28. And if the teacher, his son or wife, a person for whom (a Brâhmana) sacrifices or a pupil (has been carried out, the duration of the impurity is) the same. 28

29. And if a man of lower caste carries, out (the corpse of) one of higher caste, or a man of higher caste (carries out the body of) one of lower caste, (the duration of) the impurity in these (cases) is determined by (the caste of) the dead man.

30. On touching an outcast, a Kandâla, a woman impure on account of her confinement, a woman in her courses, or a corpse, and on touching persons who have touched them, he shall purify himself by bathing dressed in his clothes, 30

31. Likewise if he has followed a corpse (that was being carried out), 31

32. And (if he has come into contact) with a dog. 32

33. Some (declare), that (the limb) which (a dog) may touch (must be washed).

34. The Sapindas shall offer (libations of) water for (a deceased relative) whose Kaula-karman (or tonsure) has been performed, 34

35. As well as for the wives and daughters of such (a person).

36. Some (declare, that it must be done in the case) of married female relatives (also). 36

37. (During the period of impurity) all (the mourners) shall sleep and sit on the ground and remain chaste. 37

38. They shall not clean (themselves);

39. Nor shall they eat meat until (the funeral oblation) has been offered. 39

40. On the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth (days after the death) water (mixed with sesamum) must be offered.

41. And the garments (worn during that ceremony) must be changed,

42. But on the last (day they must be given) to men of the lowest castes.

43. The parents (shall offer water for a son who dies) after he has teethed.

44. If infants, (relatives) who live in a distant country, those who have renounced domestic life, and those who are not Sapindas, (die), the purification is instantaneous. 44

45. Kings (remain always pure), lest their business be impeded, 45

46. And a Brâhmana, lest his daily study of the Veda be interrupted. 46

Suggested Further Reading