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CHAP. XXI.
1. The Duke Ai asked Tsai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the
land. Tsai Wo replied, 'The Hsia sovereign planted the pine tree about
them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Chau
planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in
awe.'
2. When the Master heard it, he said, 'Things that are done, it is
needless to speak about; things that have had their course, it is
needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is needless to
blame.'
CHAP. XXII.
1. The Master said, 'Small indeed was the capacity of Kwan
Chung!'
2. Some one said, 'Was Kwan Chung parsimonious?' 'Kwan,' was the
reply, 'had the San Kwei, and his officers performed no double duties;
how can he be considered parsimonious?'
3. 'Then, did Kwan Chung know the rules of propriety?' The
Master said, 'The princes of States have a screen intercepting the
view at their gates. Kwan had likewise a screen at his gate. The princes
of States on any friendly meeting between two of them, had a stand on
which to place their inverted cups. Kwan had also such a stand. If Kwan
knew the rules of propriety, who does not know them?'
CHAP. XXXII.
The Master instructing the grand music-master of Lu said, 'How to
play music may be known. At the commencement of the piece, all the parts
should sound together. As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while
severally distinct and flowing without break, and thus on to the
conclusion.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The border warden at Yi requested to be introduced to the Master,
saying, 'When men of superior virtue have come to this, I have never
been denied the privilege of seeing them.' The followers of the sage
introduced him, and when he came out from the interview, he said, 'My
friends, why are you distressed by your master's loss of office? The
kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right; Heaven
is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said of the Shao that it was perfectly beautiful and also
perfectly good. He said of the Wu that it was perfectly beautiful but
not perfectly good.
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master said, 'High station filled without indulgent generosity;
ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without
sorrow;-- wherewith should I contemplate such ways?'
BOOK IV. LE JIN.
CHAP. I.
The Master said, 'It is virtuous manners which constitute the
excellence of a neighborhood. If a man in selecting a residence, do not
fix on one where such prevail, how can he be wise?'
CHAP. II.
The Master said, 'Those who are without virtue cannot abide long
either in a condition of poverty and hardship, or in a condition of
enjoyment. The virtuous rest in virtue; the wise desire virtue.'
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'It is only the (truly) virtuous man, who can love,
or who can hate, others.'
CHAP. IV.
The Master said, 'If the will be set on virtue, there will be no
practice of wickedness.'
CHAP. V.
1.The Master said, 'Riches and honours are what men desire. If it
cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held. Poverty
and meanness are what men dislike. If it cannot be avoided in the proper
way, they should not be avoided.
2. 'If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfil the
requirements of that name? 3. 'The superior man does not, even for the
space of a single meal, act contrary to virtue. In moments of haste, he
cleaves to it. In seasons of danger, he cleaves to it.'
CHAP. VI.
1. The Master said, 'I have not seen a person who loved virtue, or
one who hated what was not virtuous. He who loved virtue, would esteem
nothing above it. He who hated what is not virtuous, would practise
virtue in such a way that he would not allow anything that is not
virtuous to approach his person.
2. 'Is any one able for one day to apply his strength to virtue? I
have not seen the case in which his strength would be insufficient.
3. 'Should there possibly be any such case, I have not seen
it.'
CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'The faults of men are characteristic of the class
to which they belong. By observing a man's faults, it may be known that
he is virtuous.'
CHAP. VIII.
The Master said, 'If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may
die in the evening without regret.'
CHAP. IX.
The Master said, 'A scholar, whose mind is set on truth, and who is
ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, is not fit to be discoursed
with.'
CHAP. X.
The Master said, 'The superior man, in the world, does not set his
mind either for anything, or against anything; what is right he will
follow.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, 'The superior man thinks of virtue; the small man
thinks of comfort. The superior man thinks of the sanctions of law; the
small man thinks of favours which he may receive.'
CHAP. XII.
The Master said: 'He who acts with a constant view to his own
advantage will be much murmured against.'
CHAP. XIII.
The Master said, 'If a prince is able to govern his kingdom with the
complaisance proper to the rules of propriety, what difficulty will he
have? If he cannot govern it with that complaisance, what has he to do
with the rules of propriety?'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'A man should say, I am not concerned that I have no
place, I am concerned how I may fit myself for one. I am not concerned
that I am not known, I seek to be worthy to be known.'
CHAP. XV.
1. The Master said, 'Shan, my doctrine is that of an all-pervading
unity.' The disciple Tsang replied, 'Yes.'
2. The Master went out, and the other disciples asked, saying, 'What
do his words mean?' Tsang said, 'The doctrine of our master is to be
true to the principles of our nature and the benevolent exercise of them
to others,-- this and nothing more.'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'The mind of the superior man is conversant with
righteousness; the mind of the mean man is conversant with gain.'
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CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'When we see men of worth, we should think of
equalling them; when we see men of a contrary character, we should turn
inwards and examine ourselves.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'In serving his parents, a son may remonstrate with
them, but gently; when he sees that they do not incline to follow his
advice, he shows an increased degree of reverence, but does not abandon
his purpose; and should they punish him, he does not allow himself to
murmur.'
CHAP. XIX.
The Master said, 'While his parents are alive, the son may not go
abroad to a distance. If he does go abroad, he must have a fixed place
to which he goes.'
CHAP. XX.
The Master said, 'If the son for three years does not alter from the
way of his father, he may be called filial.'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'The years of parents may by no means not be kept in
the memory, as an occasion at once for joy and for fear.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'The reason why the ancients did not readily give
utterance to their words, was that they feared lest their actions should
not come up to them.'
CHAP. XXIII.
The Master said, 'The cautious seldom err.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The Master said, 'The superior man wishes to be slow in his speech
and earnest in his conduct.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practises
it will have neighbors.'
CHAP. XXVI.
Tsze-yu said, 'In serving a prince, frequent remonstrances lead to
disgrace. Between friends, frequent reproofs make the friendship
distant.'
BOOK V. KUNG-YE CH'ANG.
CHAP. I.
1. The Master said of Kung-ye Ch'ang that he might be wived; although
he was put in bonds, he had not been guilty of any crime. Accordingly,
he gave him his own daughter to wife.
2. Of Nan Yung he said that if the country were well governed he
would not be out of office, and if it were ill-governed, he would escape
punishment and disgrace. He gave him the daughter of his own elder
brother to wife.
CHAP. II.
The Master said of Tsze-chien, 'Of superior virtue indeed is such a
man! If there were not virtuous men in Lu, how could this man have
acquired this character?'
CHAP. III.
Tsze-kung asked, 'What do you say of me, Ts'ze? The Master said, 'You
are a utensil.' 'What utensil?' 'A gemmed sacrificial utensil.'
CHAP. IV.
1. Some one said, 'Yung is truly virtuous, but he is not ready with
his tongue.'
2. The Master said, 'What is the good of being ready with the tongue?
They who encounter men with smartnesses of speech for the most part
procure themselves hatred. I know not whether he be truly virtuous, but
why should he show readiness of the tongue?'
CHAP. V.
The Master was wishing Ch'i-tiao K'ai to enter on official
employment. He replied, 'I am not yet able to rest in the assurance of
THIS.' The Master was pleased.
CHAP. VI.
The Master said, 'My doctrines make no way. I will get upon a raft,
and float about on the sea. He that will accompany me will be Yu, I dare
say.' Tsze-lu hearing this was glad, upon which the Master said, 'Yu is
fonder of daring than I am. He does not exercise his judgment upon
matters.'
CHAP. VII.
1. Mang Wu asked about Tsze-lu, whether he was perfectly virtuous.
The Master said, 'I do not know.'
2. He asked again, when the Master replied, 'In a kingdom of a
thousand chariots, Yu might be employed to manage the military levies,
but I do not know whether he be perfectly virtuous.'
3. 'And what do you say of Ch'iu?' The Master replied, 'In a city of
a thousand families, or a clan of a hundred chariots, Ch'iu might be
employed as governor, but I do not know whether he is perfectly
virtuous.'
4. 'What do you say of Ch'ih?' The Master replied, 'With his sash
girt and standing in a court, Ch'ih might be employed to converse with
the visitors and guests, but I do not know whether he is perfectly
virtuous.'
CHAP. VII.
1. The Master said to Tsze-kung, 'Which do you consider superior,
yourself or Hui?'
2. Tsze-kung replied, 'How dare I compare myself with Hui? Hui hears
one point and knows all about a subject; I hear one point, and know a
second.'
3. The Master said, 'You are not equal to him. I grant you, you are
not equal to him.'
CHAP. IX.
1. Tsai Yu being asleep during the daytime, the Master said, 'Rotten
wood cannot be carved; a wall of dirty earth will not receive the
trowel. This Yu!-- what is the use of my reproving him?'
2. The Master said, 'At first, my way with men was to hear their
words, and give them credit for their conduct. Now my way is to hear
their words, and look at their conduct. It is from Yu that I have
learned to make this change.'
CHAP. X.
The Master said, 'I have not seen a firm and unbending man.' Some one
replied, 'There is Shan Ch'ang.' 'Ch'ang,' said the Master, 'is under
the influence of his passions; how can he be pronounced firm and
unbending?'
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CHAP. XI.
Tsze-kung said, 'What I do not wish men to do to me, I also wish not
to do to men.' The Master said, 'Ts'ze, you have not attained to
that.'
CHAP. XII.
Tsze-kung said, 'The Master's personal displays of his principles and
ordinary descriptions of them may be heard. His discourses about man's
nature, and the way of Heaven, cannot be heard.'
CHAP. XIII.
When Tsze-lu heard anything, if he had not yet succeeded in carrying
it into practice, he was only afraid lest he should hear something
else.
CHAP. XIV.
Tsze-kung asked, saying, 'On what ground did Kung-wan get that title
of Wan?' The Master said, 'He was of an active nature and yet fond of
learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors!-- On
these grounds he has been styled Wan.'
CHAP. XV. The Master said of Tsze-ch'an that he had four of the
characteristics of a superior man:-- in his conduct of himself, he was
humble; in serving his superiors, he was respectful; in nourishing the
people, he was kind; in ordering the people, he was just.'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'Yen P'ing knew well how to maintain friendly
intercourse. The acquaintance might be long, but he showed the same
respect as at first.'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'Tsang Wan kept a large tortoise in a house, on the
capitals of the pillars of which he had hills made, and with
representations of duckweed on the small pillars above the beams
supporting the rafters.-- Of what sort was his wisdom?'
CHAP. XVIII.
1. Tsze-chang asked, saying, 'The minister Tsze- wan thrice took
office, and manifested no joy in his countenance. Thrice he retired from
office, and manifested no displeasure. He made it a point to inform the
new minister of the way in which he had conducted the government;-- what
do you say of him?' The Master replied. 'He was loyal.' 'Was he
perfectly virtuous?' 'I do not know. How can he be pronounced perfectly
virtuous?'
2. Tsze-chang proceeded, 'When the officer Ch'ui killed the prince of
Ch'i, Ch'an Wan, though he was the owner of forty horses, abandoned them
and left the country. Coming to another State, he said, "They are
here like our great officer, Ch'ui," and left it. He came to a
second State, and with the same observation left it also;-- what do you
say of him?' The Master replied, 'He was pure.' 'Was he perfectly
virtuous?' 'I do not know. How can he be pronounced perfectly
virtuous?'
CHAP. XIX.
Chi Wan thought thrice, and then acted. When the Master was informed
of it, he said, 'Twice may do.'
CHAP. XX.
The Master said, 'When good order prevailed in his country, Ning Wu
acted the part of a wise man. When his country was in disorder, he acted
the part of a stupid man. Others may equal his wisdom, but they cannot
equal his stupidity.'
CHAP. XXI.
When the Master was in Ch'an, he said, 'Let me return! Let me return!
The little children of my school are ambitious and too hasty. They are
accomplished and complete so far, but they do not know how to restrict
and shape themselves.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'Po-i and Shu-ch'i did not keep the former
wickednesses of men in mind, and hence the resentments directed towards
them were few.'
CHAP. XXIII.
The Master said, 'Who says of Wei-shang Kao that he is upright? One
begged some vinegar of him, and he begged it of a neighbor and gave it
to the man.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The Master said, 'Fine words, an insinuating appearance, and
excessive respect;-- Tso Ch'iu-ming was ashamed of them. I also am
ashamed of them. To conceal resentment against a person, and appear
friendly with him;-- Tso Ch'iu-ming was ashamed of such conduct. I also
am ashamed of it.'
CHAP. XXV.
1. Yen Yuan and Chi Lu being by his side, the Master said to them,
'Come, let each of you tell his wishes.'
2. Tsze-lu said, 'I should like, having chariots and horses, and
light fur dresses, to share them with my friends, and though they should
spoil them, I would not be displeased.'
3. Yen Yuan said, 'I should like not to boast of my excellence, nor
to make a display of my meritorious deeds.'
4. Tsze-lu then said, 'I should like, sir, to hear your wishes.' The
Master said, 'They are, in regard to the aged, to give them rest; in
regard to friends, to show them sincerity; in regard to the young, to
treat them tenderly.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master said, 'It is all over! I have not yet seen one who could
perceive his faults, and inwardly accuse himself.'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one
honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning.'
BOOK VI. YUNG YEY.
CHAP. I.
1. The Master said, 'There is Yung!-- He might occupy the place of a
prince.'
2. Chung-kung asked about Tsze-sang Po-tsze. The Master said, 'He may
pass. He does not mind small matters.'
3. Chung-kung said, 'If a man cherish in himself a reverential
feeling of the necessity of attention to business, though he may be easy
in small matters in his government of the people, that may be allowed.
But if he cherish in himself that easy feeling, and also carry it out in
his practice, is not such an easy mode of procedure excessive?'
4. The Master said, 'Yung's words are right.'
CHAP. II.
The Duke Ai asked which of the disciples loved to learn. Confucius
replied to him, 'There was Yen Hui; HE loved to learn. He did not
transfer his anger; he did not repeat a fault. Unfortunately, his
appointed time was short and he died; and now there is not such another.
I have not yet heard of any one who loves to learn as he did.'
CHAP. III.
1. Tsze-hwa being employed on a mission to Ch'i, the disciple Zan
requested grain for his mother. The Master said, 'Give her a fu.' Yen
requested more. 'Give her an yu,' said the Master. Yen gave her five
ping.
2. The Master said, 'When Ch'ih was proceeding to Ch'i, he had fat
horses to his carriage, and wore light furs. I have heard that a
superior man helps the distressed, but does not add to the wealth of the
rich.'
3. Yuan Sze being made governor of his town by the Master, he gave
him nine hundred measures of grain, but Sze declined them. 4. The Master
said, 'Do not decline them. May you not give them away in the
neighborhoods, hamlets, towns, and villages?'
CHAP. IV.
The Master, speaking of Chung-kung, said, 'If the calf of a brindled
cow be red and horned, although men may not wish to use it, would the
spirits of the mountains and rivers put it aside?'
CHAP. V.
The Master said, 'Such was Hui that for three months there would be
nothing in his mind contrary to perfect virtue. The others may attain to
this on some days or in some months, but nothing more.'
CHAP. VI.
Chi K'ang asked about Chung-yu, whether he was fit to be employed as
an officer of government. The Master said, 'Yu is a man of decision;
what difficulty would he find in being an officer of government?' K'ang
asked, 'Is Ts'ze fit to be employed as an officer of government?' and
was answered, 'Ts'ze is a man of intelligence; what difficulty would he
find in being an officer of government?' And to the same question about
Ch'iu the Master gave the same reply, saying, 'Ch'iu is a man of various
ability.'
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CHAP. VII.
The chief of the Chi family sent to ask Min Tsze- ch'ien to be
governor of Pi. Min Tsze-ch'ien said, 'Decline the offer for me
politely. If any one come again to me with a second invitation, I shall
be obliged to go and live on the banks of the Wan.'
CHAP. VIII.
Po-niu being ill, the Master went to ask for him. He took hold of his
hand through the window, and said, 'It is killing him. It is the
appointment of Heaven, alas! That such a man should have such a
sickness! That such a man should have such a sickness!'
CHAP. IX.
The Master said, 'Admirable indeed was the virtue of Hui! With a
single bamboo dish of rice, a single gourd dish of drink, and living in
his mean narrow lane, while others could not have endured the distress,
he did not allow his joy to be affected by it. Admirable indeed was the
virtue of Hui!'
CHAP. X.
Yen Ch'iu said, 'It is not that I do not delight in your doctrines,
but my strength is insufficient.' The Master said, 'Those whose strength
is insufficient give over in the middle of the way but now you limit
yourself.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said to Tsze-hsia, 'Do you be a scholar after the style of
the superior man, and not after that of the mean man.' CHAP. XII.
Tsze-yu being governor of Wu-ch'ang, the Master said to him, 'Have you
got good men there?' He answered, 'There is Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming, who
never in walking takes a short cut, and never comes to my office,
excepting on public business.'
CHAP. XIII.
The Master said, 'Mang Chih-fan does not boast of his merit. Being in
the rear on an occasion of flight, when they were about to enter the
gate, he whipped up his horse, saying, "It is not that I dare to be
last. My horse would not advance."'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'Without the specious speech of the litanist T'o and
the beauty of the prince Chao of Sung, it is difficult to escape in the
present age.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'Who can go out but by the door? How is it that men
will not walk according to these ways?'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'Where the solid qualities are in excess of
accomplishments, we have rusticity; where the accomplishments are in
excess of the solid qualities, we have the manners of a clerk. When the
accomplishments and solid qualities are equally blended, we then have
the man of virtue.'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'Man is born for uprightness. If a man lose his
uprightness, and yet live, his escape from death is the effect of mere
good fortune.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'They who know the truth are not equal to those who
love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it.'
CHAP. XIX.
The Master said, 'To those whose talents are above mediocrity, the
highest subjects may be announced. To those who are below mediocrity,
the highest subjects may not be announced.'
CHAP. XX.
Fan Ch'ih asked what constituted wisdom. The Master said, 'To give
one's self earnestly to the duties due to men, and, while respecting
spiritual beings, to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom.' He
asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, 'The man of virtue makes
the difficulty to be overcome his first business, and success only a
subsequent consideration;-- this may be called perfect virtue.'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'The wise find pleasure in water; the virtuous find
pleasure in hills. The wise are active; the virtuous are tranquil. The
wise are joyful; the virtuous are long-lived.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'Ch'i, by one change, would come to the State of Lu.
Lu, by one change, would come to a State where true principles
predominated.'
CHAP. XXIII.
The Master said, 'A cornered vessel without corners.-- A strange
cornered vessel! A strange cornered vessel!'
CHAP. XXIV.
Tsai Wo asked, saying, 'A benevolent man, though it be told him,--
'There is a man in the well' will go in after him, I suppose.' Confucius
said, 'Why should he do so?' A superior man may be made to go to the
well, but he cannot be made to go down into it. He may be imposed upon,
but he cannot be fooled.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'The superior man, extensively studying all
learning, and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of
propriety, may thus likewise not overstep what is right.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master having visited Nan-tsze, Tsze-lu was displeased, on which
the Master swore, saying, 'Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven
reject me, may Heaven reject me!'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'Perfect is the virtue which is according to the
Constant Mean! Rare for a long time has been its practise among the
people.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
1. Tsze-kung said, 'Suppose the case of a man extensively conferring
benefits on the people, and able to assist all, what would you say of
him? Might he be called perfectly virtuous?' The Master said, 'Why speak
only of virtue in connexion with him? Must he not have the qualities of
a sage? Even Yao and Shun were still solicitous about this.
2. 'Now the man of perfect virtue, wishing to be established himself,
seeks also to establish others; wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks
also to enlarge others.
3. 'To be able to judge of others by what is nigh in ourselves;--
this may be called the art of virtue.'
BOOK VII. SHU R.
CHAP. I.
The Master said, 'A transmitter and not a maker, believing in and
loving the ancients, I venture to compare myself with our old P'ang.'
CHAP. II.
The Master said, 'The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning
without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied:-- which
one of these things belongs to me?'
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'The leaving virtue without proper cultivation; the
not thoroughly discussing what is learned; not being able to move
towards righteousness of which a knowledge is gained; and not being able
to change what is not good:-- these are the things which occasion me
solicitude.'
CHAP. IV.
When the Master was unoccupied with business, his manner was easy,
and he looked pleased.
CHAP. V.
The Master said, 'Extreme is my decay. For a long time, I have not
dreamed, as I was wont to do, that I saw the duke of Chau.'
CHAP. VI.
1. The Master said, 'Let the will be set on the path of duty.
2. 'Let every attainment in what is good be firmly grasped.
3. 'Let perfect virtue be accorded with.
4. 'Let relaxation and enjoyment be found in the polite arts.'
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CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'From the man bringing his bundle of dried flesh for
my teaching upwards, I have never refused instruction to any one.'
CHAP. VIII.
The Master said, 'I do not open up the truth to one who is not eager
to get knowledge, nor help out any one who is not anxious to explain
himself. When I have presented one corner of a subject to any one, and
he cannot from it learn the other three, I do not repeat my
lesson.'
CHAP. IX.
1. When the Master was eating by the side of a mourner, he never ate
to the full.
2. He did not sing on the same day in which he had been
weeping.
CHAP. X.
1. The Master said to Yen Yuan, 'When called to office, to undertake
its duties; when not so called, to lie retired;-- it is only I and you
who have attained to this.'
2. Tsze-lu said, 'If you had the conduct of the armies of a great
State, whom would you have to act with you?' 3. The Master said, 'I
would not have him to act with me, who will unarmed attack a tiger, or
cross a river without a boat, dying without any regret. My associate
must be the man who proceeds to action full of solicitude, who is fond
of adjusting his plans, and then carries them into execution.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, 'If the search for riches is sure to be successful,
though I should become a groom with whip in hand to get them, I will do
so. As the search may not be successful, I will follow after that which
I love.'
CHAP. XII.
The things in reference to which the Master exercised the greatest
caution were -- fasting, war, and sickness.
CHAP. XIII.
When the Master was in Ch'i, he heard the Shao, and for three months
did not know the taste of flesh. 'I did not think'' he said, 'that music
could have been made so excellent as this.'
CHAP. XIV.
1. Yen Yu said, 'Is our Master for the ruler of Wei?' Tsze-kung said,
'Oh! I will ask him.' 2. He went in accordingly, and said, 'What sort of
men were Po-i and Shu-ch'i?' 'They were ancient worthies,' said the
Master. 'Did they have any repinings because of their course?' The
Master again replied, 'They sought to act virtuously, and they did so;
what was there for them to repine about?' On this, Tsze-kung went out
and said, 'Our Master is not for him.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and
my bended arm for a pillow;-- I have still joy in the midst of these
things. Riches and honours acquired by unrighteousness, are to me as a
floating cloud.'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'If some years were added to my life, I would give
fifty to the study of the Yi, and then I might come to be without great
faults.'
CHAP. XVII
The Master's frequent themes of discourse were-- the Odes, the
History, and the maintenance of the Rules of Propriety. On all these he
frequently discoursed.
CHAP. XVIII.
1. The Duke of Sheh asked Tsze-lu about Confucius, and Tsze-lu did
not answer him.
2. The Master said, 'Why did you not say to him,-- He is simply a
man, who in his eager pursuit (of knowledge) forgets his food, who in
the joy of its attainment forgets his sorrows, and who does not perceive
that old age is coming on?'
CHAP. XIX.
The Master said, 'I am not one who was born in the possession of
knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it
there.'
CHAP. XX.
The subjects on which the Master did not talk, were-- extraordinary
things, feats of strength, disorder, and spiritual beings.
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'When I walk along with two others, they may serve
me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them,
their bad qualities and avoid them.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'Heaven produced the virtue that is in me. Hwan T'ui--
what can he do to me?'
CHAP. XXIII. The Master said, 'Do you think, my disciples, that I
have any concealments? I conceal nothing from you. There is nothing
which I do that is not shown to you, my disciples;-- that is my
way.'
CHAP. XXIV. There were four things which the Master taught,--
letters, ethics, devotion of soul, and truthfulness.
CHAP. XXV.
1. The Master said, 'A sage it is not mine to see; could I see a man
of real talent and virtue, that would satisfy me.'
2. The Master said, 'A good man it is not mine to see; could I see a
man possessed of constancy, that would satisfy me.
3. 'Having not and yet affecting to have, empty and yet affecting to
be full, straitened and yet affecting to be at ease:-- it is difficult
with such characteristics to have constancy.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master angled,-- but did not use a net. He shot,-- but not at
birds perching.
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'There may be those who act without knowing why. I
do not do so. Hearing much and selecting what is good and following it;
seeing much and keeping it in memory:-- this is the second style of
knowledge.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
1. It was difficult to talk (profitably and reputably) with the
people of Hu-hsiang, and a lad of that place having had an interview
with the Master, the disciples doubted.
2. The Master said, 'I admit people's approach to me without
committing myself as to what they may do when they have retired. Why
must one be so severe? If a man purify himself to wait upon me, I
receive him so purified, without guaranteeing his past conduct.'
CHAP. XXIX.
The Master said, 'Is virtue a thing remote? I wish to be virtuous,
and lo! virtue is at hand.'
CHAP. XXX.
1. The minister of crime of Ch'an asked whether the duke Chao knew
propriety, and Confucius said, 'He knew propriety.'
2. Confucius having retired, the minister bowed to Wu-ma Ch'i to come
forward, and said, 'I have heard that the superior man is not a
partisan. May the superior man be a partisan also? The prince married a
daughter of the house of Wu, of the same surname with himself, and
called her,-- "The elder Tsze of Wu." If the prince knew
propriety, who does not know it?'
3. Wu-ma Ch'i reported these remarks, and the Master said, 'I am
fortunate! If I have any errors, people are sure to know them.'
CHAP. XXXI.
When the Master was in company with a person who was singing, if he
sang well, he would make him repeat the song, while he accompanied it
with his own voice.
CHAP. XXXII.
The Master said, 'In letters I am perhaps equal to other men, but the
character of the superior man, carrying out in his conduct what he
professes, is what I have not yet attained to.'
CHAP. XXXIII.
The Master said, 'The sage and the man of perfect virtue;-- how dare
I rank myself with them? It may simply be said of me, that I strive to
become such without satiety, and teach others without weariness.' Kung-hsi
Hwa said, 'This is just what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you
in.'
CHAP. XXXIV.
The Master being very sick, Tsze-lu asked leave to pray for him. He
said, 'May such a thing be done?' Tsze-lu replied, 'It may. In the
Eulogies it is said, "Prayer has been made for thee to the spirits
of the upper and lower worlds."' The Master said, 'My praying has
been for a long time.'
CHAP. XXXV.
The Master said, 'Extravagance leads to insubordination, and
parsimony to meanness. It is better to be mean than to be
insubordinate.'
CHAP. XXXVI. The Master said, 'The superior man is satisfied and
composed; the mean man is always full of distress.' CHAP. XXXVII. The
Master was mild, and yet dignified; majestic, and yet not fierce;
respectful, and yet easy.
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BOOK VIII. T'AI-PO.
CHAP. I.
The Master said, 'T'ai-po may be said to have reached the highest
point of virtuous action. Thrice he declined the kingdom, and the people
in ignorance of his motives could not express their approbation of his
conduct.'
CHAP. II.
1. The Master said, 'Respectfulness, without the rules of propriety,
becomes laborious bustle; carefulness, without the rules of propriety,
becomes timidity; boldness, without the rules of propriety, becomes
insubordination; straightforwardness, without the rules of propriety,
becomes rudeness.
2. 'When those who are in high stations perform well all their duties
to their relations, the people are aroused to virtue. When old friends
are not neglected by them, the people are preserved from
meanness.'
CHAP. III.
The philosopher Tsang being ill, he called to him the disciples of
his school, and said, 'Uncover my feet, uncover my hands. It is said in
the Book of Poetry, "We should be apprehensive and cautious, as if
on the brink of a deep gulf, as if treading on thin ice," and so
have I been. Now and hereafter, I know my escape from all injury to my
person, O ye, my little children.'
CHAP. IV.
1. The philosopher Tsang being ill, Meng Chang went to ask how he
was.
2. Tsang said to him, 'When a bird is about to die, its notes are
mournful; when a man is about to die, his words are good.
3. 'There are three principles of conduct which the man of high rank
should consider specially important:-- that in his deportment and manner
he keep from violence and heedlessness; that in regulating his
countenance he keep near to sincerity; and that in his words and tones
he keep far from lowness and impropriety. As to such matters as
attending to the sacrificial vessels, there are the proper officers for
them.'
CHAP. V.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'Gifted with ability, and yet putting
questions to those who were not so; possessed of much, and yet putting
questions to those possessed of little; having, as though he had not;
full, and yet counting himself as empty; offended against, and yet
entering into no altercation; formerly I had a friend who pursued this
style of conduct.'
CHAP. VI.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'Suppose that there is an individual who
can be entrusted with the charge of a young orphan prince, and can be
commissioned with authority over a state of a hundred li, and whom no
emergency however great can drive from his principles:-- is such a man a
superior man? He is a superior man indeed.'
CHAP. VII.
1. The philosopher Tsang said, 'The officer may not be without
breadth of mind and vigorous endurance. His burden is heavy and his
course is long.
2. 'Perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to
sustain;-- is it not heavy? Only with death does his course stop;-- is
it not long?
CHAP. VIII.
1. The Master said, 'It is by the Odes that the mind is aroused.
2. 'It is by the Rules of Propriety that the character is
established.
3. 'It is from Music that the finish is received.'
CHAP. IX.
The Master said, 'The people may be made to follow a path of action,
but they may not be made to understand it.'
CHAP. X.
The Master said, 'The man who is fond of daring and is dissatisfied
with poverty, will proceed to insubordination. So will the man who is
not virtuous, when you carry your dislike of him to an extreme.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, 'Though a man have abilities as admirable as those
of the Duke of Chau, yet if he be proud and niggardly, those other
things are really not worth being looked at.'
CHAP. XII.
The Master said, 'It is not easy to find a man who has learned for
three years without coming to be good.'
CHAP. XIII.
1. The Master said, 'With sincere faith he unites the love of
learning; holding firm to death, he is perfecting the excellence of his
course.
2. 'Such an one will not enter a tottering State, nor dwell in a
disorganized one. When right principles of government prevail in the
kingdom, he will show himself; when they are prostrated, he will keep
concealed.
3. 'When a country is well-governed, poverty and a mean condition are
things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill- governed, riches and
honour are things to be ashamed of.'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'He who is not in any particular office, has nothing
to do with plans for the administration of its duties.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'When the music master Chih first entered on his
office, the finish of the Kwan Tsu was magnificent;-- how it filled the
ears!'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'Ardent and yet not upright; stupid and yet not
attentive; simple and yet not sincere:-- such persons I do not
understand.'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'Learn as if you could not reach your object, and
were always fearing also lest you should lose it.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'How majestic was the manner in which Shun and Yu
held possession of the empire, as if it were nothing to them!'
CHAP. XIX.
1. The Master said, 'Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign! How
majestic was he! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao
corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no
name for it.
2. 'How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished! How
glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted!'
CHAP. XX.
1. Shun had five ministers, and the empire was well-governed.
2. King Wu said, 'I have ten able ministers.'
3. Confucius said, 'Is not the saying that talents are difficult to
find, true? Only when the dynasties of T'ang and Yu met, were they more
abundant than in this of Chau, yet there was a woman among them. The
able ministers were no more than nine men.
4. 'King Wan possessed two of the three parts of the empire, and with
those he served the dynasty of Yin. The virtue of the house of Chau may
be said to have reached the highest point indeed.'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'I can find no flaw in the character of Yu. He used
himself coarse food and drink, but displayed the utmost filial piety
towards the spirits. His ordinary garments were poor, but he displayed
the utmost elegance in his sacrificial cap and apron. He lived in a low
mean house, but expended all his strength on the ditches and
water-channels. I can find nothing like a flaw in Yu.'
BOOK IX. TSZE HAN.
CHAP. I.
The subjects of which the Master seldom spoke were-- profitableness,
and also the appointments of Heaven, and perfect virtue. CHAP. II. 1. A
man of the village of Ta-hsiang said, 'Great indeed is the philosopher
K'ung! His learning is extensive, and yet he does not render his name
famous by any particular thing.' 2. The Master heard the observation,
and said to his disciples, 'What shall I practise? Shall I practise
charioteering, or shall I practise archery? I will practise
charioteering.'
CHAP. III.
1. The Master said, 'The linen cap is that prescribed by the rules of
ceremony, but now a silk one is worn. It is economical, and I follow the
common practice.
2. 'The rules of ceremony prescribe the bowing below the hall, but
now the practice is to bow only after ascending it. That is arrogant. I
continue to bow below the hall, though I oppose the common
practice.'
CHAP. IV. There were four things from which the Master was entirely
free. He had no foregone conclusions, no arbitrary predeterminations, no
obstinacy, and no egoism.
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CHAP. V.
1. The Master was put in fear in K'wang.
2. He said, 'After the death of King Wan, was not the cause of truth
lodged here in me?
3. 'If Heaven had wished to let this cause of truth perish, then I, a
future mortal, should not have got such a relation to that cause. While
Heaven does not let the cause of truth perish, what can the people of
K'wang do to me?'
CHAP. VI. 1.
A high officer asked Tsze-kung, saying, 'May we not say that your
Master is a sage? How various is his ability!'
2. Tsze-kung said, 'Certainly Heaven has endowed him unlimitedly. He
is about a sage. And, moreover, his ability is various.'
3. The Master heard of the conversation and said, 'Does the high
officer know me? When I was young, my condition was low, and therefore I
acquired my ability in many things, but they were mean matters. Must the
superior man have such variety of ability? He does not need variety of
ability.'
4. Lao said, 'The Master said, "Having no official employment, I
acquired many arts."'
CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'Am I indeed possessed of knowledge? I am not
knowing. But if a mean person, who appears quite empty-like, ask
anything of me, I set it forth from one end to the other, and exhaust
it.'
CHAP. VIII.
The Master said, 'The FANG bird does not come; the river sends forth
no map:-- it is all over with me!'
CHAP. IX.
When the Master saw a person in a mourning dress, or any one with the
cap and upper and lower garments of full dress, or a blind person, on
observing them approaching, though they were younger than himself, he
would rise up, and if he had to pass by them, he would do so hastily.
CHAP. X.
1. Yen Yuan, in admiration of the Master's doctrines, sighed and
said, 'I looked up to them, and they seemed to become more high; I tried
to penetrate them, and they seemed to become more firm; I looked at them
before me, and suddenly they seemed to be behind.
2. 'The Master, by orderly method, skilfully leads men on. He
enlarged my mind with learning, and taught me the restraints of
propriety.
3. 'When I wish to give over the study of his doctrines, I cannot do
so, and having exerted all my ability, there seems something to stand
right up before me; but though I wish to follow and lay hold of it, I
really find no way to do so.'
CHAP. XI.
1. The Master being very ill, Tsze-lu wished the disciples to act as
ministers to him.
2. During a remission of his illness, he said, 'Long has the conduct
of Yu been deceitful! By pretending to have ministers when I have them
not, whom should I impose upon? Should I impose upon Heaven?
3. 'Moreover, than that I should die in the hands of ministers, is it
not better that I should die in the hands of you, my disciples? And
though I may not get a great burial, shall I die upon the road?'
CHAP. XII.
Tsze-kung said, 'There is a beautiful gem here. Should I lay it up in
a case and keep it? or should I seek for a good price and sell it?' The
Master said, 'Sell it! Sell it! But I would wait for one to offer the
price.'
CHAP. XIII.
1. The Master was wishing to go and live among the nine wild tribes
of the east.
2. Some one said, 'They are rude. How can you do such a thing?' The
Master said, 'If a superior man dwelt among them, what rudeness would
there be?'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'I returned from Wei to Lu, and then the music was
reformed, and the pieces in the Royal songs and Praise songs all found
their proper places.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'Abroad, to serve the high ministers and nobles; at
home, to serve one's father and elder brothers; in all duties to the
dead, not to dare not to exert one's self; and not to be overcome of
wine:-- which one of these things do I attain to?'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master standing by a stream, said, 'It passes on just like this,
not ceasing day or night!'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'I have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves
beauty.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'The prosecution of learning may be compared to what
may happen in raising a mound. If there want but one basket of earth to
complete the work, and I stop, the stopping is my own work. It may be
compared to throwing down the earth on the level ground. Though but one
basketful is thrown at a time, the advancing with it is my own going
forward.'
CHAP. XIX.
The Master said, 'Never flagging when I set forth anything to him;--
ah! that is Hui.'
CHAP. XX.
The Master said of Yen Yuan, 'Alas! I saw his constant advance. I
never saw him stop in his progress.'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'There are cases in which the blade springs, but the
plant does not go on to flower! There are cases where it flowers, but no
fruit is subsequently produced!'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'A youth is to be regarded with respect. How do we
know that his future will not be equal to our present? If he reach the
age of forty or fifty, and has not made himself heard of, then indeed he
will not be worth being regarded with respect.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'Can men refuse to assent to the words of strict
admonition? But it is reforming the conduct because of them which is
valuable. Can men refuse to be pleased with words of gentle advice? But
it is unfolding their aim which is valuable. If a man be pleased with
these words, but does not unfold their aim, and assents to those, but
does not reform his conduct, I can really do nothing with him.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The Master said, 'Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first
principles. Have no friends not equal to yourself. When you have faults,
do not fear to abandon them.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'The commander of the forces of a large state may be
carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from
him.'
CHAP. XXVI.
1. The Master said, 'Dressed himself in a tattered robe quilted with
hemp, yet standing by the side of men dressed in furs, and not
ashamed;-- ah! it is Yu who is equal to this!
2. '"He dislikes none, he covets nothing;-- what can he do but
what is good!"' 3. Tsze-lu kept continually repeating these words
of the ode, when the Master said, 'Those things are by no means
sufficient to constitute (perfect) excellence.'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'When the year becomes cold, then we know how the
pine and the cypress are the last to lose their leaves.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
The Master said, 'The wise are free from perplexities; the virtuous
from anxiety; and the bold from fear.'
CHAP. XXIX.
The Master said, 'There are some with whom we may study in common,
but we shall find them unable to go along with us to principles. Perhaps
we may go on with them to principles, but we shall find them unable to
get established in those along with us. Or if we may get so established
along with them, we shall find them unable to weigh occurring events
along with us.'
CHAP. XXX.
1. How the flowers of the aspen-plum flutter and turn! Do I not think
of you? But your house is distant.
2. The Master said, 'It is the want of thought about it. How is it
distant?'
BOOK X. HEANG TANG.
CHAP. I.
1. Confucius, in his village, looked simple and sincere, and as if he
were not able to speak.
2. When he was in the prince's ancestorial temple, or in the court,
he spoke minutely on every point, but cautiously.
CHAP II.
1. When he was waiting at court, in speaking with the great officers
of the lower grade, he spake freely, but in a straightforward manner; in
speaking with those of the higher grade, he did so blandly, but
precisely.
2. When the ruler was present, his manner displayed respectful
uneasiness; it was grave, but self-possessed.
CHAP. III.
1. When the prince called him to employ him in the reception of a
visitor, his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to move
forward with difficulty.
2. He inclined himself to the other officers among whom he stood,
moving his left or right arm, as their position required, but keeping
the skirts of his robe before and behind evenly adjusted.
3. He hastened forward, with his arms like the wings of a bird.
4. When the guest had retired, he would report to the prince, 'The
visitor is not turning round any more.'
CHAP. IV.
1. When he entered the palace gate, he seemed to bend his body, as if
it were not sufficient to admit him.
2. When he was standing, he did not occupy the middle of the
gate-way; when he passed in or out, he did not tread upon the
threshold.
3. When he was passing the vacant place of the prince, his
countenance appeared to change, and his legs to bend under him, and his
words came as if he hardly had breath to utter them.
4. He ascended the reception hall, holding up his robe with both his
hands, and his body bent; holding in his breath also, as if he dared not
breathe.
5. When he came out from the audience, as soon as he had descended
one step, he began to relax his countenance, and had a satisfied look.
When he had got to the bottom of the steps, he advanced rapidly to his
place, with his arms like wings, and on occupying it, his manner still
showed respectful uneasiness.
CHAP. V.
1. When he was carrying the scepter of his ruler, he seemed to bend
his body, as if he were not able to bear its weight. He did not hold it
higher than the position of the hands in making a bow, nor lower than
their position in giving anything to another. His countenance seemed to
change, and look apprehensive, and he dragged his feet along as if they
were held by something to the ground.
2. In presenting the presents with which he was charged, he wore a
placid appearance.
3. At his private audience, he looked highly pleased.
CHAP. VI.
1. The superior man did not use a deep purple, or a puce colour, in
the ornaments of his dress.
2. Even in his undress, he did not wear anything of a red or reddish
colour.
3. In warm weather, he had a single garment either of coarse or fine
texture, but he wore it displayed over an inner garment.
4. Over lamb's fur he wore a garment of black; over fawn's fur one of
white; and over fox's fur one of yellow.
5. The fur robe of his undress was long, with the right sleeve
short.
6. He required his sleeping dress to be half as long again as his
body.
7. When staying at home, he used thick furs of the fox or the
badger.
8. When he put off mourning, he wore all the appendages of the
girdle.
9. His under-garment, except when it was required to be of the
curtain shape, was made of silk cut narrow above and wide below.
10. He did not wear lamb's fur or a black cap, on a visit of
condolence.
11. On the first day of the month he put on his court robes, and
presented himself at court.
CHAP. VII.
1. When fasting, he thought it necessary to have his clothes brightly
clean and made of linen cloth.
2. When fasting, he thought it necessary to change his food, and also
to change the place where he commonly sat in the apartment.
CHAP. VIII.
1. He did not dislike to have his rice finely cleaned, nor to have
his minced meat cut quite small.
2. He did not eat rice which had been injured by heat or damp and
turned sour, nor fish or flesh which was gone. He did not eat what was
discoloured, or what was of a bad flavour, nor anything which was
ill-cooked, or was not in season.
3. He did not eat meat which was not cut properly, nor what was
served without its proper sauce.
4. Though there might be a large quantity of meat, he would not allow
what he took to exceed the due proportion for the rice. It was only in
wine that he laid down no limit for himself, but he did not allow
himself to be confused by it.
5. He did not partake of wine and dried meat bought in the market. 6.
He was never without ginger when he ate.
7. He did not eat much.
8. When he had been assisting at the prince's sacrifice, he did not
keep the flesh which he received overnight. The flesh of his family
sacrifice he did not keep over three days. If kept over three days,
people could not eat it.
9. When eating, he did not converse. When in bed, he did not
speak.
10. Although his food might be coarse rice and vegetable soup, he
would offer a little of it in sacrifice with a grave, respectful
air.
CHAP. IX.
If his mat was not straight, he did not sit on it.
CHAP. X.
1. When the villagers were drinking together, on those who carried
staffs going out, he went out immediately after. 2. When the villagers
were going through their ceremonies to drive away pestilential
influences, he put on his court robes and stood on the eastern steps.
CHAP. XI.
1. When he was sending complimentary inquiries to any one in another
State, he bowed twice as he escorted the messenger away.
2. Chi K'ang having sent him a present of physic, he bowed and
received it, saying, 'I do not know it. I dare not taste it.'
CHAP. XII.
The stable being burned down, when he was at court, on his return he
said, 'Has any man been hurt?' He did not ask about the horses.
CHAP. XIII.
1. When the prince sent him a gift of cooked meat, he would adjust
his mat, first taste it, and then give it away to others. When the
prince sent him a gift of undressed meat, he would have it cooked, and
offer it to the spirits of his ancestors. When the prince sent him a
gift of a living animal, he would keep it alive.
2. When he was in attendance on the prince and joining in the
entertainment, the prince only sacrificed. He first tasted everything.
3. When he was ill and the prince came to visit him, he had his head
to the east, made his court robes be spread over him, and drew his
girdle across them.
4. When the prince's order called him, without waiting for his
carriage to be yoked, he went at once.
CHAP. XIV.
When he entered the ancestral temple of the State, he asked about
everything.
CHAP. XV.
1. When any of his friends died, if he had no relations who could be
depended on for the necessary offices, he would say, 'I will bury
him.'
2. When a friend sent him a present, though it might be a carriage
and horses, he did not bow.
3. The only present for which he bowed was that of the flesh of
sacrifice.
CHAP. XVI.
1. In bed, he did not lie like a corpse. At home, he did not put on
any formal deportment.
2. When he saw any one in a mourning dress, though it might be an
acquaintance, he would change countenance; when he saw any one wearing
the cap of full dress, or a blind person, though he might be in his
undress, he would salute them in a ceremonious manner.
3. To any person in mourning he bowed forward to the crossbar of his
carriage; he bowed in the same way to any one bearing the tables of
population.
4. When he was at an entertainment where there was an abundance of
provisions set before him, he would change countenance and rise
up.
5. On a sudden clap of thunder, or a violent wind, he would change
countenance.
CHAP. XVII.
1. When he was about to mount his carriage, he would stand straight,
holding the cord.
2. When he was in the carriage, he did not turn his head quite round,
he did not talk hastily, he did not point with his hands.
CHAP. XVIII.
1. Seeing the countenance, it instantly rises. It flies round, and by
and by settles.
2. The Master said, 'There is the hen-pheasant on the hill bridge. At
its season! At its season!' Tsze-lu made a motion to it. Thrice it smelt
him and then rose.
BOOK XI. HSIEN TSIN.
CHAP. I.
1. The Master said, 'The men of former times, in the matters of
ceremonies and music were rustics, it is said, while the men of these
latter times, in ceremonies and music, are accomplished gentlemen. 2.
'If I have occasion to use those things, I follow the men of former
times.'
CHAP. II.
1. The Master said, 'Of those who were with me in Ch'an and Ts'ai,
there are none to be found to enter my door.'
2. Distinguished for their virtuous principles and practice, there
were Yen Yuan, Min Tsze-ch'ien, Zan Po-niu, and Chung-kung; for their
ability in speech, Tsai Wo and Tsze-kung; for their adminis-trative
talents, Zan Yu and Chi Lu; for their literary acquirements, Tsze-yu and
Tsze-hsia.
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'Hui gives me no assistance. There is nothing that I
say in which he does not delight.'
CHAP. IV.
The Master said, 'Filial indeed is Min Tsze-ch'ien! Other people say
nothing of him different from the report of his parents and
brothers.'
CHAP. V.
Nan Yung was frequently repeating the lines about a white scepter
stone. Confucius gave him the daughter of his elder brother to wife.
CHAP. VI.
Chi K'ang asked which of the disciples loved to learn. Confucius
replied to him, 'There was Yen Hui; he loved to learn. Unfortunately his
appointed time was short, and he died. Now there is no one who loves to
learn, as he did.'
CHAP. VII.
1. When Yen Yuan died, Yen Lu begged the carriage of the Master to
sell and get an outer shell for his son's coffin.
2. The Master said, 'Every one calls his son his son, whether he has
talents or has not talents. There was Li; when he died, he had a coffin
but no outer shell. I would not walk on foot to get a shell for him,
because, having followed in the rear of the great officers, it was not
proper that I should walk on foot.'
CHAP. VIII.
When Yen Yuan died, the Master said, 'Alas! Heaven is destroying me!
Heaven is destroying me!'
CHAP. IX.
1. When Yen Yuan died, the Master bewailed him exceedingly, and the
disciples who were with him said, 'Master, your grief is
excessive?'
2. 'Is it excessive?' said he.
3. 'If I am not to mourn bitterly for this man, for whom should I
mourn?'
CHAP. X.
1. When Yen Yuan died, the disciples wished to give him a great
funeral, and the Master said, 'You may not do so.'
2. The disciples did bury him in great style. 3. The Master said, 'Hui
behaved towards me as his father. I have not been able to treat him as
my son. The fault is not mine; it belongs to you, O disciples.'
CHAP. XI.
Chi Lu asked about serving the spirits of the dead. The Master said,
'While you are not able to serve men, how can you serve their spirits?'
Chi Lu added, 'I venture to ask about death?' He was answered, 'While
you do not know life, how can you know about death?'
CHAP. XII.
1. The disciple Min was standing by his side, looking bland and
precise; Tsze-lu, looking bold and soldierly; Zan Yu and Tsze-kung, with
a free and straightforward manner. The Master was pleased.
2. He said, 'Yu, there!-- he will not die a natural death.'
CHAP. XIII.
1. Some parties in Lu were going to take down and rebuild the Long
Treasury.
2. Min Tsze-ch'ien said, 'Suppose it were to be repaired after its
old style;-- why must it be altered and made anew?'
3. The Master said, 'This man seldom speaks; when he does, he is sure
to hit the point.'
CHAP. XIV.
1. The Master said, 'What has the lute of Yu to do in my door?'
2. The other disciples began not to respect Tsze-lu. The Master said,
'Yu has ascended to the hall, though he has not yet passed into the
inner apartments.'
CHAP. XV.
1. Tsze-kung asked which of the two, Shih or Shang, was the superior.
The Master said, 'Shih goes beyond the due mean, and Shang does not come
up to it.'
2. 'Then,' said Tsze-kung, 'the superiority is with Shih, I
suppose.'
3. The Master said, 'To go beyond is as wrong as to fall
short.'
CHAP. XVI.
1. The head of the Chi family was richer than the duke of Chau had
been, and yet Ch'iu collected his imposts for him, and increased his
wealth.
2. The Master said, 'He is no disciple of mine. My little children,
beat the drum and assail him.'
CHAP. XVII.
1. Ch'ai is simple.
2. Shan is dull.
3. Shih is specious.
4. Yu is coarse.
CHAP. XVIII.
1. The Master said, 'There is Hui! He has nearly attained to perfect
virtue. He is often in want.
2. 'Ts'ze does not acquiesce in the appointments of Heaven, and his
goods are increased by him. Yet his judgments are often correct.'
CHAP. XIX.
Tsze-chang asked what were the characteristics of the GOOD man. The
Master said, 'He does not tread in the footsteps of others, but
moreover, he does not enter the chamber of the sage.'
CHAP. XX.
The Master said, 'If, because a man's discourse appears solid and
sincere, we allow him to be a good man, is he really a superior man? or
is his gravity only in appearance?'
CHAP. XXI.
Tsze-lu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what
he heard. The Master said, 'There are your father and elder brothers to
be consulted;-- why should you act on that principle of immediately
carrying into practice what you hear?' Zan Yu asked the same, whether he
should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and the Master
answered, 'Immediately carry into practice what you hear.' Kung-hsi Hwa
said, 'Yu asked whether he should carry immediately into practice what
he heard, and you said, "There are your father and elder brothers
to be consulted." Ch'iu asked whether he should immediately carry
into practice what he heard, and you said, "Carry it immediately
into practice." I, Ch'ih, am perplexed, and venture to ask you for
an explanation.' The Master said, 'Ch'iu is retiring and slow;
therefore, I urged him forward. Yu has more than his own share of
energy; therefore I kept him back.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master was put in fear in K'wang and Yen Yuan fell behind. The
Master, on his rejoining him, said, 'I thought you had died.' Hui
replied, 'While you were alive, how should I presume to die?'
CHAP. XXIII.
1. Chi Tsze-zan asked whether Chung Yu and Zan Ch'iu could be called
great ministers.
2. The Master said, 'I thought you would ask about some extraordinary
individuals, and you only ask about Yu and Ch'iu!
3. 'What is called a great minister, is one who serves his prince
according to what is right, and when he finds he cannot do so, retires.
4. 'Now, as to Yu and Ch'iu, they may be called ordinary ministers.'
5. Tsze-zan said, 'Then they will always follow their chief;-- will
they?' 6. The Master said, 'In an act of parricide or regicide, they
would not follow him.'
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CHAP. XXIV.
1. Tsze-lu got Tsze-kao appointed governor of Pi.
2. The Master said, 'You are injuring a man's son.'
3. Tsze-lu said, 'There are (there) common people and officers; there
are the altars of the spirits of the land and grain. Why must one read
books before he can be considered to have learned?'
4. The Master said, 'It is on this account that I hate your
glib-tongued people.'
CHAP. XXV.
1. Tsze-lu, Tsang Hsi, Zan Yu, and Kung-hsi Hwa were sitting by the
Master.
2. He said to them, 'Though I am a day or so older than you, do not
think of that.
3. 'From day to day you are saying, "We are not known." If
some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?'
4. Tsze-lu hastily and lightly replied, 'Suppose the case of a State
of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large
States; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there
be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables:-- if I were intrusted
with the government of it, in three years' time I could make the people
to be bold, and to recognise the rules of righteous conduct.' The Master
smiled at him.
5. Turning to Yen Yu, he said, 'Ch'iu, what are your wishes?' Ch'iu
replied, 'Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty
or sixty, and let me have the government of it;-- in three years' time,
I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the
principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a
superior man to do that.'
6. 'What are your wishes, Ch'ih,' said the Master next to Kung- hsi
Hwa. Ch'ih replied, 'I do not say that my ability extends to these
things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the
ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the
sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the
black linen cap, to act as a small assistant.'
7. Last of all, the Master asked Tsang Hsi, 'Tien, what are your
wishes?' Tien, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet
twanging, laid the instrument aside, and rose. 'My wishes,' he said,
'are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen.'
'What harm is there in that?' said the Master; 'do you also, as well as
they, speak out your wishes.' Tien then said, 'In this, the last month
of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or
six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would
wash in the I, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home
singing.' The Master heaved a sigh and said, 'I give my approval to Tien.'
8. The three others having gone out, Tsang Hsi remained behind, and
said, 'What do you think of the words of these three friends?' The
Master replied, 'They simply told each one his wishes.'
9. Hsi pursued, 'Master, why did you smile at Yu?'
10. He was answered, 'The management of a State demands the rules of
propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him.'
11. Hsi again said, 'But was it not a State which Ch'iu proposed for
himself?' The reply was, 'Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or
seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a State?'
12. Once more, Hsi inquired, 'And was it not a State which Ch'ih
proposed for himself?' The Master again replied, 'Yes; who but princes
have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign?
If Ch'ih were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a
great one?
BOOK XII. YEN YUAN.
CHAP. I.
1. Yen Yuan asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, 'To subdue
one's self and return to propriety, is perfect virtue. If a man can for
one day subdue himself and return to propriety, all under heaven will
ascribe perfect virtue to him. Is the practice of perfect virtue from a
man himself, or is it from others?'
2. Yen Yuan said, 'I beg to ask the steps of that process.' The
Master replied, 'Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not
to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to
propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety.' Yen Yuan
then said, 'Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigour, I will
make it my business to practise this lesson.'
CHAP. II.
Chung-kung asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, 'It is, when
you go abroad, to behave to every one as if you were receiving a great
guest; to employ the people as if you were assisting at a great
sacrifice; not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself;
to have no murmuring against you in the country, and none in the
family.' Chung-kung said, 'Though I am deficient in intelligence and
vigour, I will make it my business to practise this lesson.'
CHAP. III.
1. Sze-ma Niu asked about perfect virtue.
2. The Master said, 'The man of perfect virtue is cautious and slow
in his speech.'
3. 'Cautious and slow in his speech!' said Niu;-- 'is this what is
meant by perfect virtue?' The Master said, 'When a man feels the
difficulty of doing, can he be other than cautious and slow in
speaking?'
CHAP. IV.
1. Sze-ma Niu asked about the superior man. The Master said, 'The
superior man has neither anxiety nor fear.'
2. 'Being without anxiety or fear!' said Nui;-- 'does this constitute
what we call the superior man?'
3. The Master said, 'When internal examination discovers nothing
wrong, what is there to be anxious about, what is there to fear?'
CHAP. V.
1. Sze-ma Niu, full of anxiety, said, 'Other men all have their
brothers, I only have not.'
2. Tsze-hsia said to him, 'There is the following saying which I have
heard:--
3. '"Death and life have their determined appointment; riches
and honours depend upon Heaven."
4. 'Let the superior man never fail reverentially to order his own
conduct, and let him be respectful to others and observant of
propriety:-- then all within the four seas will be his brothers. What
has the superior man to do with being distressed because he has no
brothers?'
CHAP. VI.
Tsze-chang asked what constituted intelligence. The Master said, 'He
with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor
statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful, may
be called intelligent indeed. Yea, he with whom neither soaking slander,
nor startling statements, are successful, may be called farseeing.'
CHAP. VII.
1. Tsze-kung asked about government. The Master said, 'The requisites
of government are that there be sufficiency of food, sufficiency of
military equipment, and the confidence of the people in their
ruler.'
2. Tsze-kung said, 'If it cannot be helped, and one of these must be
dispensed with, which of the three should be foregone first?' 'The
military equipment,' said the Master.
3. Tsze-kung again asked, 'If it cannot be helped, and one of the
remaining two must be dispensed with, which of them should be foregone?'
The Master answered, 'Part with the food. From of old, death has been
the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers,
there is no standing for the state.'
CHAP. VIII.
1. Chi Tsze-ch'ang said, 'In a superior man it is only the
substantial qualities which are wanted;-- why should we seek for
ornamental accomplishments?'
2. Tsze-kung said, 'Alas! Your words, sir, show you to be a superior
man, but four horses cannot overtake the tongue.
3. Ornament is as substance; substance is as ornament. The hide of a
tiger or a leopard stripped of its hair, is like the hide of a dog or a
goat stripped of its hair.'
CHAP. IX.
1. The Duke Ai inquired of Yu Zo, saying, 'The year is one of
scarcity, and the returns for expenditure are not sufficient;-- what is
to be done?'
2. Yu Zo replied to him, 'Why not simply tithe the people?'
3. 'With two tenths, said the duke, 'I find it not enough;-- how
could I do with that system of one tenth?'
4. Yu Zo answered, 'If the people have plenty, their prince will not
be left to want alone. If the people are in want, their prince cannot
enjoy plenty alone.'
CHAP. X.
1. Tsze-chang having asked how virtue was to be exalted, and
delusions to be discovered, the Master said, 'Hold faithfulness and
sincerity as first principles, and be moving continually to what is
right;-- this is the way to exalt one's virtue.
2. 'You love a man and wish him to live; you hate him and wish him to
die. Having wished him to live, you also wish him to die. This is a case
of delusion.
3. '"It may not be on account of her being rich, yet you come to
make a difference."'
CHAP. XI.
1. The Duke Ching, of Ch'i, asked Confucius about government.
2. Confucius replied, 'There is government, when the prince is
prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the
son is son.'
3. 'Good!' said the duke; 'if, indeed; the prince be not prince, the
minister not minister, the father not father, and the son not son,
although I have my revenue, can I enjoy it?'
CHAP. XII.
1. The Master said, 'Ah! it is Yu, who could with half a word settle
litigations!'
2. Tsze-lu never slept over a promise. CHAP. XIII. The Master said,
'In hearing litigations, I am like any other body. What is necessary,
however, is to cause the people to have no litigations.'
CHAP. XIV.
Tsze-chang asked about government. The Master said, 'The art of
governing is to keep its affairs before the mind without weariness, and
to practise them with undeviating consistency.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'By extensively studying all learning, and keeping
himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety, one may thus
likewise not err from what is right.'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'The superior man seeks to perfect the admirable
qualities of men, and does not seek to perfect their bad qualities. The
mean man does the opposite of this.'
CHAP. XVII.
Chi K'ang asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, 'To
govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who
will dare not to be correct?'
CHAP. XVIII.
Chi K'ang, distressed about the number of thieves in the state,
inquired of Confucius how to do away with them. Confucius said, 'If you,
sir, were not covetous, although you should reward them to do it, they
would not steal.'
CHAP. XIX.
Chi K'ang asked Confucius about government, saying, 'What do you say
to killing the unprincipled for the good of the principled?' Confucius
replied, 'Sir, in carrying on your government, why should you use
killing at all? Let your evinced desires be for what is good, and the
people will be good. The relation between superiors and inferiors, is
like that between the wind and the grass. The grass must bend, when the
wind blows across it.'
CHAP. XX.
1. Tsze-chang asked, 'What must the officer be, who may be said to be
distinguished?'
2. The Master said, 'What is it you call being distinguished?'
3. Tsze-chang replied, 'It is to be heard of through the State, to be
heard of throughout his clan.'
4. The Master said, 'That is notoriety, not distinction.
5. 'Now the man of distinction is solid and straightforward, and
loves righteousness. He examines people's words, and looks at their
countenances. He is anxious to humble himself to others. Such a man will
be distinguished in the country; he will be distinguished in his
clan.
6. 'As to the man of notoriety, he assumes the appearance of virtue,
but his actions are opposed to it, and he rests in this character
without any doubts about himself. Such a man will be heard of in the
country; he will be heard of in the clan.'
CHAP. XXI.
1. Fan Ch'ih rambling with the Master under the trees about the rain
altars, said, 'I venture to ask how to exalt virtue, to correct
cherished evil, and to discover delusions.'
2. The Master said, 'Truly a good question!
3. 'If doing what is to be done be made the first business, and
success a secondary consideration;-- is not this the way to exalt
virtue? To assail one's own wickedness and not assail that of others;--
is not this the way to correct cherished evil? For a morning's anger to
disregard one's own life, and involve that of his parents;-- is not this
a case of delusion?'
CHAP. XXII.
1. Fan Ch'ih asked about benevolence. The Master said, 'It is to love
all men.' He asked about knowledge. The Master said, 'It is to know all
men.'
2. Fan Ch'ih did not immediately understand these answers.
3. The Master said, 'Employ the upright and put aside all the
crooked;-- in this way the crooked can be made to be upright.'
4. Fan Ch'ih retired, and, seeing Tsze-hsia, he said to him, 'A
Little while ago, I had an interview with our Master, and asked him
about knowledge. He said, 'Employ the upright, and put aside all the
crooked;-- in this way, the crooked will be made to be upright.' What
did he mean?'
5. Tsze-hsia said, 'Truly rich is his saying! 6. 'Shun, being in
possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the people, and
employed Kao-yao, on which all who were devoid of virtue disappeared.
T'ang, being in possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the
people, and employed I Yin, and all who were devoid of virtue
disappeared.'
CHAP. XXIII.
Tsze-kung asked about friendship. The Master said, 'Faithfully
admonish your friend, and skillfully lead him on. If you find him
impracticable, stop. Do not disgrace yourself.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'The superior man on grounds of culture
meets with his friends, and by their friendship helps his virtue.'
BOOK XIII. TSZE-LU.
CHAP. I.
1. Tsze-lu asked about government. The Master said, 'Go before the
people with your example, and be laborious in their affairs.'
2. He requested further instruction, and was answered, 'Be not weary
(in these things).'
CHAP. II.
1. Chung-kung, being chief minister to the Head of the Chi family,
asked about government. The Master said, 'Employ first the services of
your various officers, pardon small faults, and raise to office men of
virtue and talents.'
2. Chung-kung said, 'How shall I know the men of virtue and talent,
so that I may raise them to office?' He was answered, 'Raise to office
those whom you know. As to those whom you do not know, will others
neglect them?'
CHAP. III.
1. Tsze-lu said, 'The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order
with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first
thing to be done?'
2. The Master replied, 'What is necessary is to rectify names.'
3. 'So, indeed!' said Tsze-lu. 'You are wide of the mark! Why must
there be such rectification?'
4. The Master said, 'How uncultivated you are, Yu! A superior man, in
regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve.
5. 'If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the
truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of
things, affairs cannot be carried on to success.
6. 'When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and
music will not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish,
punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not
properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot.
7. 'Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he
uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be
carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires, is just that
in his words there may be nothing incorrect.'
CHAP. IV.
1. Fan Ch'ih requested to be taught husbandry. The Master said, 'I am
not so good for that as an old husbandman.' He requested also to be
taught gardening, and was answered, 'I am not so good for that as an old
gardener.'
2. Fan Ch'ih having gone out, the Master said, 'A small man, indeed,
is Fan Hsu! 3. If a superior love propriety, the people will not dare
not to be reverent. If he love righteousness, the people will not dare
not to submit to his example. If he love good faith, the people will not
dare not to be sincere. Now, when these things obtain, the people from
all quarters will come to him, bearing their children on their backs;--
what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry?'
CHAP. V.
The Master said, 'Though a man may be able to recite the three
hundred odes, yet if, when intrusted with a governmental charge, he
knows not how to act, or if, when sent to any quarter on a mission, he
cannot give his replies unassisted, notwithstanding the extent of his
learning, of what practical use is it?'
CHAP. VI.
The Master said, 'When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his
government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal
conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be
followed.'
CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'The governments of Lu and Wei are brothers.'
CHAP. VIII.
The Master said of Ching, a scion of the ducal family of Wei, that he
knew the economy of a family well. When he began to have means, he said,
'Ha! here is a collection!' When they were a little increased, he said,
'Ha! this is complete!' When he had become rich, he said, 'Ha! this is
admirable!'
CHAP. IX.
1. When the Master went to Wei, Zan Yu acted as driver of his
carriage.
2. The Master observed, 'How numerous are the people!'
3. Yu said, 'Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be done
for them?' 'Enrich them,' was the reply.
4. 'And when they have been enriched, what more shall be done?' The
Master said, 'Teach them.'
CHAP. X.
The Master said, 'If there were (any of the princes) who would employ
me, in the course of twelve months, I should have done something
considerable. In three years, the government would be perfected.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, '"If good men were to govern a country in
succession for a hundred years, they would be able to transform the
violently bad, and dispense with capital punishments." True indeed
is this saying!'
CHAP. XII.
The Master said, 'If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would
still require a generation, and then virtue would prevail.'
CHAP. XIII.
The Master said, 'If a minister make his own conduct correct, what
difficulty will he have in assisting in government? If he cannot rectify
himself, what has he to do with rectifying others?'
CHAP. XIV.
The disciple Zan returning from the court, the Master said to him,
'How are you so late?' He replied, 'We had government business.' The
Master said, 'It must have been family affairs. If there had been
government business, though I am not now in office, I should have been
consulted about it.'
CHAP. XV.
1. The Duke Ting asked whether there was a single sentence which
could make a country prosperous. Confucius replied, 'Such an effect
cannot be expected from one sentence.
2. 'There is a saying, however, which people have-- "To be a
prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy."
3. 'If a ruler knows this,-- the difficulty of being a prince,-- may
there not be expected from this one sentence the prosperity of his
country?'
4. The duke then said, 'Is there a single sentence which can ruin a
country?' Confucius replied, 'Such an effect as that cannot be expected
from one sentence. There is, however, the saying which people have--
"I have no pleasure in being a prince, but only in that no one can
offer any opposition to what I say!"
5. 'If a ruler's words be good, is it not also good that no one
oppose them? But if they are not good, and no one opposes them, may
there not be expected from this one sentence the ruin of his
country?'
CHAP. XVI.
1. The Duke of Sheh asked about government.
2. The Master said, 'Good government obtains, when those who are near
are made happy, and those who are far off are attracted.'
CHAP. XVII.
Tsze-hsia, being governor of Chu-fu, asked about government. The
Master said, 'Do not be desirous to have things done quickly; do not
look at small advantages. Desire to have things done quickly prevents
their being done thoroughly. Looking at small advantages prevents great
affairs from being accomplished.'
CHAP. XVIII.
1. The Duke of Sheh informed Confucius, saying, 'Among us here there
are those who may be styled upright in their conduct. If their father
have stolen a sheep, they will bear witness to the fact.'
2. Confucius said, 'Among us, in our part of the country, those who
are upright are different from this. The father conceals the misconduct
of the son, and the son conceals the misconduct of the father.
Uprightness is to be found in this.'
CHAP. XIX.
Fan Ch'ih asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, 'It is, in
retirement, to be sedately grave; in the management of business, to be
reverently attentive; in intercourse with others, to be strictly
sincere. Though a man go among rude, uncultivated tribes, these
qualities may not be neglected.'
CHAP. XX.
1. Tsze-kung asked, saying, 'What qualities must a man possess to
entitle him to be called an officer? The Master said, 'He who in his
conduct of himself maintains a sense of shame, and when sent to any
quarter will not disgrace his prince's commission, deserves to be called
an officer.'
3. Tsze-kung pursued, 'I venture to ask who may be placed in the next
lower rank?' And he was told, 'He whom the circle of his relatives
pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow-villagers and neighbours
pronounce to be fraternal.'
3. Again the disciple asked, 'I venture to ask about the class still
next in order.' The Master said, 'They are determined to be sincere in
what they say, and to carry out what they do. They are obstinate little
men. Yet perhaps they may make the next class.'
4. Tsze-kung finally inquired, 'Of what sort are those of the present
day, who engage in government?' The Master said 'Pooh! they are so many
pecks and hampers, not worth being taken into account.'
CHAP. XXI. The Master said, 'Since I cannot get men pursuing the due
medium, to whom I might communicate my instructions, I must find the
ardent and the cautiously-decided. The ardent will advance and lay hold
of truth; the cautiously-decided will keep themselves from what is
wrong.'
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CHAP. XXII.
1. The Master said, 'The people of the south have a saying-- "A
man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor." Good!
2. 'Inconstant in his virtue, he will be visited with disgrace.'
3. The Master said, 'This arises simply from not attending to the
prognostication.'
CHAP. XXIII.
The Master said, 'The superior man is affable, but not adulatory; the
mean man is adulatory, but not affable.'
CHAP. XXIV.
Tsze-kung asked, saying, 'What do you say of a man who is loved by
all the people of his neighborhood?' The Master replied, 'We may not for
that accord our approval of him.' 'And what do you say of him who is
hated by all the people of his neighborhood?' The Master said, 'We may
not for that conclude that he is bad. It is better than either of these
cases that the good in the neighborhood love him, and the bad hate
him.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to
please. If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with
right, he will not be pleased. But in his employment of men, he uses
them according to their capacity. The mean man is difficult to serve,
and easy to please. If you try to please him, though it be in a way
which is not accordant with right, he may be pleased. But in his
employment of men, he wishes them to be equal to everything.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master said, 'The superior man has a dignified ease without
pride. The mean man has pride without a dignified ease.'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'The firm, the enduring, the simple, and the modest
are near to virtue.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
Tsze-lu asked, saying, 'What qualities must a man possess to entitle
him to be called a scholar?' The Master said, 'He must be thus,--
earnest, urgent, and bland:-- among his friends, earnest and urgent;
among his brethren, bland.'
CHAP. XXIX.
The Master said, 'Let a good man teach the people seven years, and
they may then likewise be employed in war.'
CHAP. XXX.
The Master said, 'To lead an uninstructed people to war, is to throw
them away.'
BOOK XIV. HSIEN WAN.
CHAP.
I. Hsien asked what was shameful. The Master said, 'When good
government prevails in a state, to be thinking only of salary; and, when
bad government prevails, to be thinking, in the same way, only of
salary;-- this is shameful.'
CHAP. II.
1. 'When the love of superiority, boasting, resentments, and
covetousness are repressed, this may be deemed perfect virtue.'
2. The Master said, 'This may be regarded as the achievement of what
is difficult. But I do not know that it is to be deemed perfect
virtue.'
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'The scholar who cherishes the love of comfort is
not fit to be deemed a scholar.'
CHAP. IV.
The Master said, 'When good government prevails in a state, language
may be lofty and bold, and actions the same. When bad government
prevails, the actions may be lofty and bold, but the language may be
with some reserve.'
CHAP. V.
The Master said, 'The virtuous will be sure to speak correctly, but
those whose speech is good may not always be virtuous. Men of principle
are sure to be bold, but those who are bold may not always be men of
principle.'
CHAP. VI.
Nan-kung Kwo, submitting an inquiry to Confucius, said, 'I was
skillful at archery, and Ao could move a boat along upon the land, but
neither of them died a natural death. Yu and Chi personally wrought at
the toils of husbandry, and they became possessors of the kingdom.' The
Master made no reply; but when Nan-kung Kwo went out, he said, 'A
superior man indeed is this! An esteemer of virtue indeed is
this!'
CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'Superior men, and yet not always virtuous, there
have been, alas! But there never has been a mean man, and, at the same
time, virtuous.'
CHAP. VIII.
The Master said, 'Can there be love which does not lead to strictness
with its object? Can there be loyalty which does not lead to the
instruction of its object?'
CHAP. IX.
The Master said, 'In preparing the governmental notifications, P'i
Shan first made the rough draft; Shi-shu examined and discussed its
contents; Tsze-yu, the manager of Foreign intercourse, then polished the
style; and, finally, Tsze-ch'an of Tung-li gave it the proper elegance
and finish.'
CHAP. X.
1. Some one asked about Tsze-ch'an. The Master said, 'He was a kind
man.'
2. He asked about Tsze-hsi. The Master said, 'That man! That
man!'
3. He asked about Kwan Chung. 'For him,' said the Master, 'the city
of Pien, with three hundred families, was taken from the chief of the Po
family, who did not utter a murmuring word, though, to the end of his
life, he had only coarse rice to eat.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, 'To be poor without murmuring is difficult. To be
rich without being proud is easy.'
CHAP. XII.
The Master said, 'Mang Kung-ch'o is more than fit to be chief officer
in the families of Chao and Wei, but he is not fit to be great officer
to either of the States Tang or Hsieh.'
CHAP. XIII.
1. Tsze-lu asked what constituted a COMPLETE man. The Master said,
'Suppose a man with the knowledge of Tsang Wu-chung, the freedom from
covetousness of Kung-ch'o, the bravery of Chwang of Pien, and the varied
talents of Zan Ch'iu; add to these the accomplishments of the rules of
propriety and music:-- such a one might be reckoned a COMPLETE
man.'
2. He then added, 'But what is the necessity for a complete man of
the present day to have all these things? The man, who in the view of
gain, thinks of righteousness; who in the view of danger is prepared to
give up his life; and who does not forget an old agreement however far
back it extends:-- such a man may be reckoned a COMPLETE man.'
CHAP. XIV.
1. The Master asked Kung-ming Chia about Kung- shu Wan, saying, 'Is
it true that your master speaks not, laughs not, and takes not?'
2. Kung-ming Chia replied, 'This has arisen from the reporters going
beyond the truth.-- My master speaks when it is the time to speak, and
so men do not get tired of his speaking. He laughs when there is
occasion to be joyful, and so men do not get tired of his laughing. He
takes when it is consistent with righteousness to do so, and so men do
not get tired of his taking.' The Master said, 'So! But is it so with
him?'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'Tsang Wu-chung, keeping possession of Fang, asked
of the duke of Lu to appoint a successor to him in his family. Although
it may be said that he was not using force with his sovereign, I believe
he was.'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'The duke Wan of Tsin was crafty and not upright.
The duke Hwan of Ch'i was upright and not crafty.'
CHAP. XVII.
1. Tsze-lu said, 'The Duke Hwan caused his brother Chiu to be killed,
when Shao Hu died with his master, but Kwan Chung did not die. May not I
say that he was wanting in virtue?'
2. The Master said, 'The Duke Hwan assembled all the princes
together, and that not with weapons of war and chariots:-- it was all
through the influence of Kwan Chung. Whose beneficence was like his?
Whose beneficence was like his?'
CHAP. XVIII.
1. Tsze-kung said, 'Kwan Chung, I apprehend, was wanting in virtue.
When the Duke Hwan caused his brother Chiu to be killed, Kwan Chung was
not able to die with him. Moreover, he became prime minister to Hwan.'
2. The Master said, 'Kwan Chung acted as prime minister to the Duke
Hwan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the
whole kingdom. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which
he conferred. But for Kwan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair
unbound, and the lappets of our coats buttoning on the left side. 3.
'Will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and common
women, who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch, no one knowing
anything about them?'
CHAP. XIX.
1. The great officer, Hsien, who had been family- minister to Kung-shu
Wan, ascended to the prince's court in company with Wan. 2. The Master,
having heard of it, said, 'He deserved to be considered WAN (the
accomplished).'
CHAP. XX.
1. The Master was speaking about the unprincipled course of the duke
Ling of Wei, when Ch'i K'ang said, 'Since he is of such a character, how
is it he does not lose his State?'
2. Confucius said, 'The Chung-shu Yu has the superintendence of his
guests and of strangers; the litanist, T'o, has the management of his
ancestral temple; and Wang-sun Chia has the direction of the army and
forces:-- with such officers as these, how should he lose his
State?'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'He who speaks without modesty will find it
difficult to make his words good.'
CHAP. XXII.
1. Chan Ch'ang murdered the Duke Chien of Ch'i.
2. Confucius bathed, went to court, and informed the duke Ai, saying,
'Chan Hang has slain his sovereign. I beg that you will undertake to
punish him.'
3. The duke said, 'Inform the chiefs of the three families of
it.'
4. Confucius retired, and said, 'Following in the rear of the great
officers, I did not dare not to represent such a matter, and my prince
says, "Inform the chiefs of the three families of it."'
5. He went to the chiefs, and informed them, but they would not act.
Confucius then said, 'Following in the rear of the great officers, I did
not dare not to represent such a matter.'
CHAP. XXIII.
Tsze-lu asked how a ruler should be served. The Master said, 'Do not
impose on him, and, moreover, withstand him to his face.'
CHAP. XXIV.
The Master said, 'The progress of the superior man is upwards; the
progress of the mean man is downwards.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'In ancient times, men learned with a view to their
own improvement. Now-a-days, men learn with a view to the approbation of
others.'
CHAP. XXVI.
1. Chu Po-yu sent a messenger with friendly inquiries to
Confucius.
2. Confucius sat with him, and questioned him. 'What,' said he, 'is
your master engaged in?' The messenger replied, 'My master is anxious to
make his faults few, but he has not yet succeeded.' He then went out,
and the Master said, 'A messenger indeed! A messenger indeed!'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'He who is not in any particular office, has nothing
to do with plans for the administration of its duties.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'The superior man, in his thoughts, does
not go out of his place.'
CHAP. XXIX.
The Master said, 'The superior man is modest in his speech, but
exceeds in his actions.'
CHAP. XXX.
1. The Master said, 'The way of the superior man is threefold, but I
am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties; wise, he is
free from perplexities; bold, he is free from fear.
2. Tsze-kung said, 'Master, that is what you yourself say.'
CHAP. XXXI.
Tsze-kung was in the habit of comparing men together. The Master
said, 'Tsze must have reached a high pitch of excellence! Now, I have
not leisure for this.'
CHAP. XXXII.
The Master said, 'I will not be concerned at men's not knowing me; I
will be concerned at my own want of ability.'
CHAP. XXXIII.
The Master said, 'He who does not anticipate attempts to deceive him,
nor think beforehand of his not being believed, and yet apprehends these
things readily (when they occur);-- is he not a man of superior
worth?'
CHAP. XXXIV.
1. Wei-shang Mau said to Confucius, 'Ch'iu, how is it that you keep
roosting about? Is it not that you are an insinuating talker?'
2. Confucius said, 'I do not dare to play the part of such a talker,
but I hate obstinacy.'
CHAP. XXXV.
The Master said, 'A horse is called a ch'i, not because of its
strength, but because of its other good qualities.'
CHAP. XXXVI.
1. Some one said, 'What do you say concerning the principle that
injury should be recompensed with kindness?'
2. The Master said, 'With what then will you recompense
kindness?
3. 'Recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with
kindness.'
CHAP. XXXVII.
1. The Master said, 'Alas! there is no one that knows me.'
2. Tsze-kung said, 'What do you mean by thus saying-- that no one
knows you?' The Master replied, 'I do not murmur against Heaven. I do
not grumble against men. My studies lie low, and my penetration rises
high. But there is Heaven;-- that knows me!'
CHAP. XXXVIII.
1. The Kung-po Liao, having slandered Tsze-lu to Chi-sun, Tsze-fu
Ching-po informed Confucius of it, saying, 'Our master is certainly
being led astray by the Kung-po Liao, but I have still power enough left
to cut Liao off, and expose his corpse in the market and in the
court.'
2. The Master said, 'If my principles are to advance, it is so
ordered. If they are to fall to the ground, it is so ordered. What can
the Kung-po Liao do where such ordering is concerned?'
CHAP. XXXIX.
1. The Master said, 'Some men of worth retire from the world.
2. Some retire from particular states.
3. Some retire because of disrespectful looks.
4. Some retire because of contradictory language.'
CHAP. XL.
The Master said, 'Those who have done this are seven men.'
CHAP. XLI.
Tsze-lu happening to pass the night in Shih-man, the gatekeeper said
to him, 'Whom do you come from?' Tsze-lu said, 'From Mr. K'ung.' 'It is
he,-- is it not?'-- said the other, 'who knows the impracticable nature
of the times and yet will be doing in them.'
CHAP. XLII.
1. The Master was playing, one day, on a musical stone in Wei, when a
man, carrying a straw basket, passed the door of the house where
Confucius was, and said, 'His heart is full who so beats the musical
stone.'
2. A little while after, he added, 'How contemptible is the one-ideaed
obstinacy those sounds display! When one is taken no notice of, he has
simply at once to give over his wish for public employment. "Deep
water must be crossed with the clothes on; shallow water may be crossed
with the clothes held up."'
3. The Master said, 'How determined is he in his purpose! But this is
not difficult!'
CHAP. XLIII.
1. Tsze-chang said, 'What is meant when the Shu says that Kao-tsung,
while observing the usual imperial mourning, was for three years without
speaking?'
2. The Master said, 'Why must Kao-tsung be referred to as an example
of this? The ancients all did so. When the sovereign died, the officers
all attended to their several duties, taking instructions from the prime
minister for three years.'
CHAP. XLIV.
The Master said, 'When rulers love to observe the rules of propriety,
the people respond readily to the calls on them for service.'
CHAP. XLV.
Tsze-lu asked what constituted the superior man. The Master said,
'The cultivation of himself in reverential carefulness.' 'And is this
all?' said Tsze-lu. 'He cultivates himself so as to give rest to
others,' was the reply. 'And is this all?' again asked Tsze-lu. The
Master said, 'He cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the
people. He cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people:--
even Yao and Shun were still solicitous about this.'
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CHAP. XLVI.
Yuan Zang was squatting on his heels, and so waited the approach of
the Master, who said to him, 'In youth not humble as befits a junior; in
manhood, doing nothing worthy of being handed down; and living on to old
age:-- this is to be a pest.' With this he hit him on the shank with his
staff.
CHAP. XLVI.
1. A youth of the village of Ch'ueh was employed by Confucius to
carry the messages between him and his visitors. Some one asked about
him, saying, 'I suppose he has made great progress.'
2. The Master said, 'I observe that he is fond of occupying the seat
of a full-grown man; I observe that he walks shoulder to shoulder with
his elders. He is not one who is seeking to make progress in learning.
He wishes quickly to become a man.'
BOOK XV. WEI LING KUNG.
CHAP. I.
1. The Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about tactics. Confucius
replied, 'I have heard all about sacrificial vessels, but I have not
learned military matters.' On this, he took his departure the next
day.
2. When he was in Chan, their provisions were exhausted, and his
followers became so ill that they were unable to rise.
3. Tsze-lu, with evident dissatisfaction, said, 'Has the superior man
likewise to endure in this way?' The Master said, 'The superior man may
indeed have to endure want, but the mean man, when he is in want, gives
way to unbridled license.'
CHAP. II.
1. The Master said, 'Ts'ze, you think, I suppose, that I am one who
learns many things and keeps them in memory?'
2. Tsze-kung replied, 'Yes,-- but perhaps it is not so?' 3. 'No,' was
the answer; 'I seek a unity all-pervading.'
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'Yu, those who know virtue are few.'
CHAP. IV.
The Master said, 'May not Shun be instanced as having governed
efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely
and reverently occupy his royal seat.'
CHAP. V.
1. Tsze-chang asked how a man should conduct himself, so as to be
everywhere appreciated.
2. The Master said, 'Let his words be sincere and truthful, and his
actions honourable and careful;-- such conduct may be practised among
the rude tribes of the South or the North. If his words be not sincere
and truthful and his actions not honourable and careful, will he, with
such conduct, be appreciated, even in his neighborhood?
3. 'When he is standing, let him see those two things, as it were,
fronting him. When he is in a carriage, let him see them attached to the
yoke. Then may he subsequently carry them into practice.'
4. Tsze-chang wrote these counsels on the end of his sash.
CHAP. VI.
1. The Master said, 'Truly straightforward was the historiographer
Yu. When good government prevailed in his State, he was like an arrow.
When bad government prevailed, he was like an arrow.
2. A superior man indeed is Chu Po-yu! When good government prevails
in his state, he is to be found in office. When bad government prevails,
he can roll his principles up, and keep them in his breast.'
CHAP. VII.
The Master said, 'When a man may be spoken with, not to speak to him
is to err in reference to the man. When a man may not be spoken with, to
speak to him is to err in reference to our words. The wise err neither
in regard to their man nor to their words.'
CHAP. VIII. The Master said, 'The determined scholar and the man of
virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue.
They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue
complete.'
CHAP. IX. Tsze-kung asked about the practice of virtue. The Master
said, 'The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen
his tools. When you are living in any state, take service with the most
worthy among its great officers, and make friends of the most virtuous
among its scholars.'
CHAP. X.
1. Yen Yuan asked how the government of a country should be
administered.
2. The Master said, 'Follow the seasons of Hsia.
3. 'Ride in the state carriage of Yin.
4. 'Wear the ceremonial cap of Chau.
5. 'Let the music be the Shao with its pantomimes.
6. Banish the songs of Chang, and keep far from specious talkers. The
songs of Chang are licentious; specious talkers are dangerous.'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, 'If a man take no thought about what is distant, he
will find sorrow near at hand.'
CHAP. XII. The Master said, 'It is all over! I have not seen one who
loves virtue as he loves beauty.'
CHAP. XIII. The Master said, 'Was not Tsang Wan like one who had
stolen his situation? He knew the virtue and the talents of Hui of Liu-hsia,
and yet did not procure that he should stand with him in court.'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'He who requires much from himself and little from
others, will keep himself from being the object of resentment.'
CHAP. XV.
The Master said, 'When a man is not in the habit of saying--
"What shall I think of this? What shall I think of this?" I
can indeed do nothing with him!'
CHAP. XVI.
The Master said, 'When a number of people are together, for a whole
day, without their conversation turning on righteousness, and when they
are fond of carrying out the suggestions of a small shrewdness;-- theirs
is indeed a hard case.'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'The superior man in everything considers
righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of
propriety. He brings it forth in humility. He completes it with
sincerity. This is indeed a superior man.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'The superior man is distressed by his want of
ability. He is not distressed by men's not knowing him.'
CHAP. XIX.
The Master said, 'The superior man dislikes the thought of his name
not being mentioned after his death.'
CHAP. XX.
The Master said, 'What the superior man seeks, is in himself. What
the mean man seeks, is in others.'
CHAP. XXI.
The Master said, 'The superior man is dignified, but does not
wrangle. He is sociable, but not a partizan.'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'The superior man does not promote a man simply on
account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the
man.'
CHAP. XXIII.
Tsze-kung asked, saying, 'Is there one word which may serve as a rule
of practice for all one's life?' The Master said, 'Is not RECIPROCITY
such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to
others.'
CHAP. XXIV.
1. The Master said, 'In my dealings with men, whose evil do I blame,
whose goodness do I praise, beyond what is proper? If I do sometimes
exceed in praise, there must be ground for it in my examination of the
individual.
2. 'This people supplied the ground why the three dynasties pursued
the path of straightforwardness.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'Even in my early days, a historiographer would
leave a blank in his text, and he who had a horse would lend him to
another to ride. Now, alas! there are no such things.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master said, 'Specious words confound virtue. Want of forbearance
in small matters confounds great plans.'
CHAP. XXVII.
The Master said, 'When the multitude hate a man, it is necessary to
examine into the case. When the multitude like a man, it is necessary to
examine into the case.'
CHAP. XXVIII.
The Master said, 'A man can enlarge the principles which he follows;
those principles do not enlarge the man.'
CHAP. XXIX.
The Master said, 'To have faults and not to reform them,-- this,
indeed, should be pronounced having faults.'
CHAP. XXX.
The Master said, 'I have been the whole day without eating, and the
whole night without sleeping:-- occupied with thinking. It was of no
use. The better plan is to learn.'
CHAP. XXXI.
The Master said, 'The object of the superior man is truth. Food is
not his object. There is plowing;-- even in that there is sometimes
want. So with learning;-- emolument may be found in it. The superior man
is anxious lest he should not get truth; he is not anxious lest poverty
should come upon him.'
CHAP. XXXII.
1. The Master said, 'When a man's knowledge is sufficient to attain,
and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold, whatever he may
have gained, he will lose again.
2. 'When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue
enough to hold fast, if he cannot govern with dignity, the people will
not respect him.
3. 'When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue
enough to hold fast; when he governs also with dignity, yet if he try to
move the people contrary to the rules of propriety:-- full excellence is
not reached.'
CHAP. XXXIII.
The Master said, 'The superior man cannot be known in little matters;
but he may be intrusted with great concerns. The small man may not be
intrusted with great concerns, but he may be known in little
matters.'
CHAP. XXXIV.
The Master said, 'Virtue is more to man than either water or fire. I
have seen men die from treading on water and fire, but I have never seen
a man die from treading the course of virtue.'
CHAP. XXXV.
The Master said, 'Let every man consider virtue as what devolves on
himself. He may not yield the performance of it even to his teacher.'
CHAP. XXXVI.
The Master said, 'The superior man is correctly firm, and not firm
merely.'
CHAP. XXXVII.
The Master said, 'A minister, in serving his prince, reverently
discharges his duties, and makes his emolument a secondary
consideration.'
CHAP. XXXVIII.
The Master said, 'In teaching there should be no distinction of
classes.'
CHAP. XXXIX.
The Master said, 'Those whose courses are different cannot lay plans
for one another.'
CHAP. XL.
The Master said, 'In language it is simply required that it convey
the meaning.'
CHAP. XLI.
1. The Music-master, Mien, having called upon him, when they came to
the steps, the Master said, 'Here are the steps.' When they came to the
mat for the guest to sit upon, he said, 'Here is the mat.' When all were
seated, the Master informed him, saying, 'So and so is here; so and so
is here.'
2. The Music-master, Mien, having gone out, Tsze-chang asked, saying.
'Is it the rule to tell those things to the Music- master?'
3. The Master said, 'Yes. This is certainly the rule for those who
lead the blind.'
BOOK XVI. KE SHE.
CHAP. I.
1. The head of the Chi family was going to attack Chwan-yu.
2. Zan Yu and Chi-lu had an interview with Confucius, and said, 'Our
chief, Chi, is going to commence operations against Chwan-yu.'
3. Confucius said, 'Ch'iu, is it not you who are in fault here?
4. 'Now, in regard to Chwan-yu, long ago, a former king appointed its
ruler to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern Mang; moreover, it
is in the midst of the territory of our State; and its ruler is a
minister in direct connexion with the sovereign:-- What has your chief
to do with attacking it?'
5. Zan Yu said, 'Our master wishes the thing; neither of us two
ministers wishes it.'
6. Confucius said, 'Ch'iu, there are the words of Chau Zan,--
"When he can put forth his ability, he takes his place in the ranks
of office; when he finds himself unable to do so, he retires from it.
How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him
when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?"
7. 'And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or rhinoceros
escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in
its repository:-- whose is the fault?'
8. Zan Yu said, 'But at present, Chwan-yu is strong and near to Pi;
if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his
descendants.'
9. Confucius said. 'Ch'iu, the superior man hates that declining to
say-- "I want such and such a thing," and framing explanations
for the conduct.
10. 'I have heard that rulers of States and chiefs of families are
not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they
should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with
fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented
repose among the people in their several places. For when the people
keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony
prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a
contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.
11. 'So it is.-- Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all
the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to
attract them to be so; and when they have been so attracted, they must
be made contented and tranquil.
12. 'Now, here are you, Yu and Ch'iu, assisting your chief. Remoter
people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them
to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings
and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it.
13. 'And yet he is planning these hostile movements within the
State.-- I am afraid that the sorrow of the Chi-sun family will not be
on account of Chwan-yu, but will be found within the screen of their own
court.'
CHAP. II.
1. Confucius said, 'When good government prevails in the empire,
ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the
son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies,
music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes. When
these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few
in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they
proceed from the Great officers of the princes, as a rule, the cases
will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations.
When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp
the orders of the state, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they
do not lose their power in three generations.
2. 'When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not
be in the hands of the Great officers. 3. 'When right principles prevail
in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people.'
CHAP. III.
Confucius said, 'The revenue of the state has left the ducal House
now for five generations. The government has been in the hands of the
Great officers for four generations. On this account, the descendants of
the three Hwan are much reduced.'
CHAP. IV.
Confucius said, 'There are three friendships which are advantageous,
and three which are injurious. Friendship with the upright; friendship
with the sincere; and friendship with the man of much observation:--
these are advantageous. Friendship with the man of specious airs;
friendship with the insinuatingly soft; and friendship with the
glib-tongued:-- these are injurious.'
CHAP. V.
Confucius said, 'There are three things men find enjoyment in which
are advantageous, and three things they find enjoyment in which are
injurious. To find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies
and music; to find enjoyment in speaking of the goodness of others; to
find enjoyment in having many worthy friends:-- these are advantageous.
To find enjoyment in extravagant pleasures; to find enjoyment in
idleness and sauntering; to find enjoyment in the pleasures of
feasting:-- these are injurious.'
CHAP. VI.
Confucius said, 'There are three errors to which they who stand in
the presence of a man of virtue and station are liable. They may speak
when it does not come to them to speak;-- this is called rashness. They
may not speak when it comes to them to speak;-- this is called
concealment. They may speak without looking at the countenance of their
superior;-- this is called blindness.'
CHAP. VII.
Confucius said, 'There are three things which the superior man guards
against. In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled, he
guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full
of vigor, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the
animal powers are decayed, he guards against covetousness.'
CHAP. VIII.
1. Confucius said, 'There are three things of which the superior man
stands in awe. He stands in awe of the ordinances of Heaven. He stands
in awe of great men. He stands in awe of the words of sages.
2. 'The mean man does not know the ordinances of Heaven, and
consequently does not stand in awe of them. He is disrespectful to great
men. He makes sport of the words of sages.'
CHAP. IX.
Confucius said, 'Those who are born with the possession of knowledge
are the highest class of men. Those who learn, and so, readily, get
possession of knowledge, are the next. Those who are dull and stupid,
and yet compass the learning, are another class next to these. As to
those who are dull and stupid and yet do not learn;-- they are the
lowest of the people.'
CHAP. X.
Confucius said, 'The superior man has nine things which are subjects
with him of thoughtful consideration. In regard to the use of his eyes,
he is anxious to see clearly. In regard to the use of his ears, he is
anxious to hear distinctly. In regard to his countenance, he is anxious
that it should be benign. In regard to his demeanor, he is anxious that
it should be respectful. In regard to his speech, he is anxious that it
should be sincere. In regard to his doing of business, he is anxious
that it should be reverently careful. In regard to what he doubts about,
he is anxious to question others. When he is angry, he thinks of the
difficulties (his anger may involve him in). When he sees gain to be
got, he thinks of righteousness.'
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CHAP. XI.
1. Confucius said, 'Contemplating good, and pursuing it, as if they
could not reach it; contemplating evil, and shrinking from it, as they
would from thrusting the hand into boiling water:-- I have seen such
men, as I have heard such words. 2. 'Living in retirement to study their
aims, and practising righteousness to carry out their principles:-- I
have heard these words, but I have not seen such men.'
CHAP. XII.
1. The duke Ching of Ch'i had a thousand teams, each of four horses,
but on the day of his death, the people did not praise him for a single
virtue. Po-i and Shu-ch'i died of hunger at the foot of the Shau-yang
mountain, and the people, down to the present time, praise them. 2. 'Is
not that saying illustrated by this?'
CHAP. XIII.
1. Ch'an K'ang asked Po-yu, saying, 'Have you heard any lessons from
your father different from what we have all heard?'
2. Po-yu replied, 'No. He was standing alone once, when I passed
below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, "Have you learned
the Odes?" On my replying "Not yet," he added, "If
you do not learn the Odes, you will not be fit to converse with." I
retired and studied the Odes.
3. 'Another day, he was in the same way standing alone, when I passed
by below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, 'Have you learned
the rules of Propriety?' On my replying 'Not yet,' he added, 'If you do
not learn the rules of Propriety, your character cannot be established.'
I then retired, and learned the rules of Propriety.
4. 'I have heard only these two things from him.'
5. Ch'ang K'ang retired, and, quite delighted, said, 'I asked one
thing, and I have got three things. I have heard about the Odes. I have
heard about the rules of Propriety. I have also heard that the superior
man maintains a distant reserve towards his son.'
CHAP. XIV.
The wife of the prince of a state is called by him FU ZAN. She calls
herself HSIAO T'UNG. The people of the State call her CHUN FU ZAN, and,
to the people of other States, they call her K'WA HSIAO CHUN. The people
of other states also call her CHUN FU ZAN.
BOOK XVII. YANG HO.
CHAP. I.
1. Yang Ho wished to see Confucius, but Confucius would not go to see
him. On this, he sent a present of a pig to Confucius, who, having
chosen a time when Ho was not at home, went to pay his respects for the
gift. He met him, however, on the way.
2. Ho said to Confucius, 'Come, let me speak with you.' He then
asked, 'Can he be called benevolent who keeps his jewel in his bosom,
and leaves his country to confusion?' Confucius replied, 'No.' 'Can he
be called wise, who is anxious to be engaged in public employment, and
yet is constantly losing the opportunity of being so?' Confucius again
said, 'No.' 'The days and months are passing away; the years do not wait
for us.' Confucius said, 'Right; I will go into office.'
CHAP. II.
The Master said, 'By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they
get to be wide apart.'
CHAP. III.
The Master said, 'There are only the wise of the highest class, and
the stupid of the lowest class, who cannot be changed.'
CHAP. IV.
1. The Master, having come to Wu-ch'ang, heard there the sound of
stringed instruments and singing.
2. Well pleased and smiling, he said, 'Why use an ox knife to kill a
fowl?'
3. Tsze-yu replied, 'Formerly, Master, I heard you say,-- "When
the man of high station is well instructed, he loves men; when the man
of low station is well instructed, he is easily ruled."'
4. The Master said, 'My disciples, Yen's words are right. What I said
was only in sport.'
CHAP. V.
1.Kung-shan Fu-zao, when he was holding Pi, and in an attitude of
rebellion, invited the Master to visit him, who was rather inclined to
go.
2. Tsze-lu was displeased, and said, 'Indeed, you cannot go! Why must
you think of going to see Kung-shan?'
3. The Master said, 'Can it be without some reason that he has
invited ME? If any one employ me, may I not make an eastern Chau?' CHAP.
VI. Tsze-chang asked Confucius about perfect virtue. Confucius said, 'To
be able to practise five things everywhere under heaven constitutes
perfect virtue.' He begged to ask what they were, and was told,
'Gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. If
you are grave, you will not be treated with disrespect. If you are
generous, you will win all. If you are sincere, people will repose trust
in you. If you are earnest, you will accomplish much. If you are kind,
this will enable you to employ the services of others.
CHAP. VII.
1. Pi Hsi inviting him to visit him, the Master was inclined to
go.
2. Tsze-lu said, 'Master, formerly I have heard you say, "When a
man in his own person is guilty of doing evil, a superior man will not
associate with him." Pi Hsi is in rebellion, holding possession of
Chung-mau; if you go to him, what shall be said?'
3. The Master said, 'Yes, I did use these words. But is it not said,
that, if a thing be really hard, it may be ground without being made
thin? Is it not said, that, if a thing be really white, it may be
steeped in a dark fluid without being made black?
4. 'Am I a bitter gourd! How can I be hung up out of the way of being
eaten?'
CHAP. VIII.
1. The Master said, 'Yu, have you heard the six words to which are
attached six becloudings?' Yu replied, 'I have not.'
2. 'Sit down, and I will tell them to you. 3. 'There is the love of
being benevolent without the love of learning;-- the beclouding here
leads to a foolish simplicity. There is the love of knowing without the
love of learning;-- the beclouding here leads to dissipation of mind.
There is the love of being sincere without the love of learning;-- the
beclouding here leads to an injurious disregard of consequences. There
is the love of straightforwardness without the love of learning;-- the
beclouding here leads to rudeness. There is the love of boldness without
the love of learning;-- the beclouding here leads to insubordination.
There is the love of firmness without the love of learning;-- the
beclouding here leads to extravagant conduct.'
CHAP. IX.
1. The Master said, 'My children, why do you not study the Book of
Poetry?
2. 'The Odes serve to stimulate the mind.
3. 'They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation.
4. 'They teach the art of sociability.
5. 'They show how to regulate feelings of resentment.
6. 'From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's
father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince.
7. 'From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds,
beasts, and plants.' CHAP. X. The Master said to Po-yu, 'Do you give
yourself to the Chau-nan and the Shao-nan. The man who has not studied
the Chau-nan and the Shao-nan, is like one who stands with his face
right against a wall. Is he not so?'
CHAP. XI.
The Master said, '"It is according to the rules of
propriety," they say.-- "It is according to the rules of
propriety," they say. Are gems and silk all that is meant by
propriety? "It is music," they say.-- "It is music,"
they say. Are bells and drums all that is meant by music?'
CHAP. XII.
The Master said, 'He who puts on an appearance of stern firmness,
while inwardly he is weak, is like one of the small, mean people;-- yea,
is he not like the thief who breaks through, or climbs over, a
wall?'
CHAP. XIII.
The Master said, 'Your good, careful people of the villages are the
thieves of virtue.'
CHAP. XIV.
The Master said, 'To tell, as we go along, what we have heard on the
way, is to cast away our virtue.'
CHAP. XV.
1. The Master said, 'There are those mean creatures! How impossible
it is along with them to serve one's prince!
2. 'While they have not got their aims, their anxiety is how to get
them. When they have got them, their anxiety is lest they should lose
them.
3. 'When they are anxious lest such things should be lost, there is
nothing to which they will not proceed.'
CHAP. XVI.
1. The Master said, 'Anciently, men had three failings, which now
perhaps are not to be found.
2. 'The high-mindedness of antiquity showed itself in a disregard of
small things; the high-mindedness of the present day shows itself in
wild license. The stern dignity of antiquity showed itself in grave
reserve; the stern dignity of the present day shows itself in
quarrelsome perverseness. The stupidity of antiquity showed itself in
straightforwardness; the stupidity of the present day shows itself in
sheer deceit.'
CHAP. XVII.
The Master said, 'Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom
associated with virtue.'
CHAP. XVIII.
The Master said, 'I hate the manner in which purple takes away the
luster of vermilion. I hate the way in which the songs of Chang confound
the music of the Ya. I hate those who with their sharp mouths overthrow
kingdoms and families.'
CHAP. XIX.
1. The Master said, 'I would prefer not speaking.'
2. Tsze-kung said, 'If you, Master, do not speak, what shall we, your
disciples, have to record?'
3. The Master said, 'Does Heaven speak? The four seasons pursue their
courses, and all things are continually being produced, but does Heaven
say anything?'
CHAP. XX.
Zu Pei wished to see Confucius, but Confucius declined, on the ground
of being sick, to see him. When the bearer of this message went out at
the door, (the Master) took his lute and sang to it, in order that Pei
might hear him.
CHAP. XXI.
1. Tsai Wo asked about the three years' mourning for parents, saying
that one year was long enough.
2. 'If the superior man,' said he, 'abstains for three years from the
observances of propriety, those observances will be quite lost. If for
three years he abstains from music, music will be ruined.
3. 'Within a year the old grain is exhausted, and the new grain has
sprung up, and, in procuring fire by friction, we go through all the
changes of wood for that purpose. After a complete year, the mourning
may stop.'
4. The Master said, 'If you were, after a year, to eat good rice, and
wear embroidered clothes, would you feel at ease?' 'I should,' replied
Wo.
5. The Master said, 'If you can feel at ease, do it. But a superior
man, during the whole period of mourning, does not enjoy pleasant food
which he may eat, nor derive pleasure from music which he may hear. He
also does not feel at ease, if he is comfortably lodged. Therefore he
does not do what you propose. But now you feel at ease and may do
it.'
6. Tsai Wo then went out, and the Master said, 'This shows Yu's want
of virtue. It is not till a child is three years old that it is allowed
to leave the arms of its parents. And the three years' mourning is
universally observed throughout the empire. Did Yu enjoy the three
years' love of his parents?'
CHAP. XXII.
The Master said, 'Hard is it to deal with him, who will stuff himself
with food the whole day, without applying his mind to anything good! Are
there not gamesters and chess players? To be one of these would still be
better than doing nothing at all.'
CHAP. XXIII.
Tsze-lu said, 'Does the superior man esteem valour?' The Master said,
'The superior man holds righteousness to be of highest importance. A man
in a superior situation, having valour without righteousness, will be
guilty of insubordination; one of the lower people having valour without
righteousness, will commit robbery.'
CHAP. XXIV.
1. Tsze-kung said, 'Has the superior man his hatreds also?' The
Master said, 'He has his hatreds. He hates those who proclaim the evil
of others. He hates the man who, being in a low station, slanders his
superiors. He hates those who have valour merely, and are unobservant of
propriety. He hates those who are forward and determined, and, at the
same time, of contracted understanding.'
2. The Master then inquired, 'Ts'ze, have you also your hatreds?'
Tsze-kung replied, 'I hate those who pry out matters, and ascribe the
knowledge to their wisdom. I hate those who are only not modest, and
think that they are valourous. I hate those who make known secrets, and
think that they are straightforward.'
CHAP. XXV.
The Master said, 'Of all people, girls and servants are the most
difficult to behave to. If you are familiar with them, they lose their
humility. If you maintain a reserve towards them, they are
discontented.'
CHAP. XXVI.
The Master said, 'When a man at forty is the object of dislike, he
will always continue what he is.'
BOOK XVIII. WEI TSZE.
CHAP. I.
1. The Viscount of Wei withdrew from the court. The Viscount of Chi
became a slave to Chau. Pi-kan remonstrated with him and died.
2. Confucius said, 'The Yin dynasty possessed these three men of
virtue.'
CHAP. II.
Hui of Liu-hsia being chief criminal judge, was thrice dismissed from
his office. Some one said to him, 'Is it not yet time for you, sir, to
leave this?' He replied, 'Serving men in an upright way, where shall I
go to, and not experience such a thrice- repeated dismissal? If I choose
to serve men in a crooked way, what necessity is there for me to leave
the country of my parents?'
CHAP. III.
The duke Ching of Ch'i, with reference to the manner in which he
should treat Confucius, said, 'I cannot treat him as I would the chief
of the Chi family. I will treat him in a manner between that accorded to
the chief of the Chi, and that given to the chief of the Mang family.'
He also said, 'I am old; I cannot use his doctrines.' Confucius took his
departure.
CHAP. IV.
The people of Ch'i sent to Lu a present of female musicians, which
Chi Hwan received, and for three days no court was held. Confucius took
his departure.
CHAP. V.
1. The madman of Ch'u, Chieh-yu, passed by Confucius, singing and
saying, 'O FANG! O FANG! How is your virtue degenerated! As to the past,
reproof is useless; but the future may still be provided against. Give
up your vain pursuit. Give up your vain pursuit. Peril awaits those who
now engage in affairs of government.'
2. Confucius alighted and wished to converse with him, but Chieh-yu
hastened away, so that he could not talk with him.
CHAP. VI.
1. Ch'ang-tsu and Chieh-ni were at work in the field together, when
Confucius passed by them, and sent Tsze-lu to inquire for the
ford.
2. Ch'ang-tsu said, 'Who is he that holds the reins in the carriage
there?' Tsze-lu told him, 'It is K'ung Ch'iu.' 'Is it not K'ung Ch'iu of
Lu?' asked he. 'Yes,' was the reply, to which the other rejoined, 'He
knows the ford.'
3. Tsze-lu then inquired of Chieh-ni, who said to him, 'Who are you,
sir?' He answered, 'I am Chung Yu.' 'Are you not the disciple of K'ung
Ch'iu of Lu?' asked the other. 'I am,' replied he, and then Chieh-ni
said to him, 'Disorder, like a swelling flood, spreads over the whole
empire, and who is he that will change its state for you? Than follow
one who merely withdraws from this one and that one, had you not better
follow those who have withdrawn from the world altogether?' With this he
fell to covering up the seed, and proceeded with his work, without
stopping.
4. Tsze-lu went and reported their remarks, when the Master observed
with a sigh, 'It is impossible to associate with birds and beasts, as if
they were the same with us. If I associate not with these people,-- with
mankind,-- with whom shall I associate? If right principles prevailed
through the empire, there would be no use for me to change its state.'
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CHAP. VII.
1. Tsze-lu, following the Master, happened to fall behind, when he
met an old man, carrying across his shoulder on a staff a basket for
weeds. Tsze-lu said to him, 'Have you seen my master, sir!' The old man
replied, 'Your four limbs are unaccustomed to toil; you cannot
distinguish the five kinds of grain:-- who is your master?' With this,
he planted his staff in the ground, and proceeded to weed.
2. Tsze-lu joined his hands across his breast, and stood before
him.
3. The old man kept Tsze-lu to pass the night in his house, killed a
fowl, prepared millet, and feasted him. He also introduced to him his
two sons.
4. Next day, Tsze-lu went on his way, and reported his adventure. The
Master said, 'He is a recluse,' and sent Tsze-lu back to see him again,
but when he got to the place, the old man was gone.
5. Tsze-lu then said to the family, 'Not to take office is not
righteous. If the relations between old and young may not be neglected,
how is it that he sets aside the duties that should be observed between
sovereign and minister? Wishing to maintain his personal purity, he
allows that great relation to come to confusion. A superior man takes
office, and performs the righteous duties belonging to it. As to the
failure of right principles to make progress, he is aware of
that.'
CHAP. VIII.
1. The men who have retired to privacy from the world have been Po-i,
Shu-ch'i, Yu-chung, I-yi, Chu-chang, Hui of Liu-hsia, and Shao-lien.
2. The Master said, 'Refusing to surrender their wills, or to submit
to any taint in their persons;-- such, I think, were Po-i and Shu-ch'i.
3. 'It may be said of Hui of Liu-hsia, and of Shao-lien, that they
surrendered their wills, and submitted to taint in their persons, but
their words corresponded with reason, and their actions were such as men
are anxious to see. This is all that is to be remarked in them.
4. 'It may be said of Yu-chung and I-yi, that, while they hid
themselves in their seclusion, they gave a license to their words; but,
in their persons, they succeeded in preserving their purity, and, in
their retirement, they acted according to the exigency of the
times.
5. 'I am different from all these. I have no course for which I am
predetermined, and no course against which I am predetermined.'
CHAP. IX.
1. The grand music master, Chih, went to Ch'i.
2. Kan, the master of the band at the second meal, went to Ch'u. Liao,
the band master at the third meal, went to Ts'ai. Chueh, the band master
at the fourth meal, went to Ch'in.
3. Fang-shu, the drum master, withdrew to the north of the river.
4. Wu, the master of the hand drum, withdrew to the Han. 5. Yang, the
assistant music master, and Hsiang, master of the musical stone,
withdrew to an island in the sea.
CHAP. X.
The duke of Chau addressed his son, the duke of Lu, saying, 'The
virtuous prince does not neglect his relations. He does not cause the
great ministers to repine at his not employing them. Without some great
cause, he does not dismiss from their offices the members of old
families. He does not seek in one man talents for every
employment.'
CHAP. XI.
To Chau belonged the eight officers, Po-ta, Po-kwo, Chung-tu, Chung-hwu,
Shu-ya, Shu-hsia, Chi-sui, and Chi-kwa.
BOOK XIX. TSZE-CHANG.
CHAP. I.
Tsze-chang said, 'The scholar, trained for public duty, seeing
threatening danger, is prepared to sacrifice his life. When the
opportunity of gain is presented to him, he thinks of righteousness. In
sacrificing, his thoughts are reverential. In mourning, his thoughts are
about the grief which he should feel. Such a man commands our
approbation indeed.'
CHAP. II.
Tsze-chang said, 'When a man holds fast to virtue, but without
seeking to enlarge it, and believes right principles, but without firm
sincerity, what account can be made of his existence or non-existence?'
CHAP. III.
The disciples of Tsze-hsia asked Tsze-chang about the principles that
should characterize mutual intercourse. Tsze- chang asked, 'What does
Tsze-hsia say on the subject?' They replied, 'Tsze-hsia says:--
"Associate with those who can advantage you. Put away from you
those who cannot do so."' Tsze-chang observed, 'This is different
from what I have learned. The superior man honours the talented and
virtuous, and bears with all. He praises the good, and pities the
incompetent. Am I possessed of great talents and virtue?-- who is there
among men whom I will not bear with? Am I devoid of talents and
virtue?-- men will put me away from them. What have we to do with the
putting away of others?'
CHAP. IV.
Tsze-hsia said, 'Even in inferior studies and employments there is
something worth being looked at; but if it be attempted to carry them
out to what is remote, there is a danger of their proving inapplicable.
Therefore, the superior man does not practise them.'
CHAP. V.
Tsze-hsia said, 'He, who from day to day recognises what he has not
yet, and from month to month does not forget what he has attained to,
may be said indeed to love to learn.'
CHAP. VI.
Tsze-hsia said, 'There are learning extensively, and having a firm
and sincere aim; inquiring with earnestness, and reflecting with
self-application:-- virtue is in such a course.'
CHAP. VII.
Tsze-hsia said, 'Mechanics have their shops to dwell in, in order to
accomplish their works. The superior man learns, in order to reach to
the utmost of his principles.'
CHAP. VIII.
Tsze-hsia said, 'The mean man is sure to gloss his faults.'
CHAP. IX.
Tsze-hsia said, 'The superior man undergoes three changes. Looked at
from a distance, he appears stern; when approached, he is mild; when he
is heard to speak, his language is firm and decided.'
CHAP. X.
Tsze-hsia said, 'The superior man, having obtained their confidence,
may then impose labours on his people. If he have not gained their
confidence, they will think that he is oppressing them. Having obtained
the confidence of his prince, one may then remonstrate with him. If he
have not gained his confidence, the prince will think that he is
vilifying him.'
CHAP. XI. Tsze-hsia said, 'When a person does not transgress the
boundary line in the great virtues, he may pass and repass it in the
small virtues.'
CHAP. XII.
1. Tsze-yu said, 'The disciples and followers of Tsze-hsia, in
sprinkling and sweeping the ground, in answering and replying, in
advancing and receding, are sufficiently accomplished. But these are
only the branches of learning, and they are left ignorant of what is
essential.-- How can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught?'
2. Tsze-hsia heard of the remark and said, 'Alas! Yen Yu is wrong.
According to the way of the superior man in teaching, what departments
are there which he considers of prime importance, and delivers? what are
there which he considers of secondary importance, and allows himself to
be idle about? But as in the case of plants, which are assorted
according to their classes, so he deals with his disciples. How can the
way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them? Is it not
the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation
of learning?'
CHAP. XIII.
Tsze-hsia said, 'The officer, having discharged all his duties,
should devote his leisure to learning. The student, having completed his
learning, should apply himself to be an officer.'
CHAP. XIV.
Tsze-hsia said, 'Mourning, having been carried to the utmost degree
of grief, should stop with that.'
CHAP. XV.
Tsze-hsia said, 'My friend Chang can do things which are hard to be
done, but yet he is not perfectly virtuous.'
CHAP. XVI.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'How imposing is the manner of Chang! It
is difficult along with him to practise virtue.'
CHAP. XVII.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'I heard this from our Master:--
"Men may not have shown what is in them to the full extent, and yet
they will be found to do so, on occasion of mourning for their
parents."'
CHAP. XVIII.
The philosopher Tsang said, 'I have heard this from our Master:--
"The filial piety of Mang Chwang, in other matters, was what other
men are competent to, but, as seen in his not changing the ministers of
his father, nor his father's mode of government, it is difficult to be
attained to."'
CHAP. XIX.
The chief of the Mang family having appointed Yang Fu to be chief
criminal judge, the latter consulted the philosopher Tsang. Tsang said,
'The rulers have failed in their duties, and the people consequently
have been disorganised, for a long time. When you have found out the
truth of any accusation, be grieved for and pity them, and do not feel
joy at your own ability.'
CHAP. XX. Tsze-kung said, 'Chau's wickedness was not so great as that
name implies. Therefore, the superior man hates to dwell in a low-lying
situation, where all the evil of the world will flow in upon him.'
CHAP. XXI. Tsze-kung said, 'The faults of the superior man are like
the eclipses of the sun and moon. He has his faults, and all men see
them; he changes again, and all men look up to him.'
CHAP. XXII.
1. Kung-sun Ch'ao of Wei asked Tsze-kung, saying, 'From whom did
Chung-ni get his learning?'
2. Tsze-kung replied, 'The doctrines of Wan and Wu have not yet
fallen to the ground. They are to be found among men. Men of talents and
virtue remember the greater principles of them, and others, not
possessing such talents and virtue, remember the smaller. Thus, all
possess the doctrines of Wan and Wu. Where could our Master go that he
should not have an opportunity of learning them? And yet what necessity
was there for his having a regular master?'
CHAP. XXIII.
1. Shu-sun Wu-shu observed to the great officers in the court,
saying, 'Tsze-kung is superior to Chung-ni.'
2. Tsze-fu Ching-po reported the observation to Tsze-kung, who said,
'Let me use the comparison of a house and its encompassing wall. My wall
only reaches to the shoulders. One may peep over it, and see whatever is
valuable in the apartments.
3. 'The wall of my Master is several fathoms high. If one do not find
the door and enter by it, he cannot see the ancestral temple with its
beauties, nor all the officers in their rich array.
4. 'But I may assume that they are few who find the door. Was not the
observation of the chief only what might have been expected?'
CHAP. XXIV.
Shu-sun Wu-shu having spoken revilingly of Chung-ni, Tsze-kung said,
'It is of no use doing so. Chung-ni cannot be reviled. The talents and
virtue of other men are hillocks and mounds which may be stepped over.
Chung-ni is the sun or moon, which it is not possible to step over.
Although a man may wish to cut himself off from the sage, what harm can
he do to the sun or moon? He only shows that he does not know his own
capacity.
CHAP. XXV.
1. Ch'an Tsze-ch'in, addressing Tsze-kung, said, 'You are too modest.
How can Chung-ni be said to be superior to you?'
2. Tsze-kung said to him, 'For one word a man is often deemed to be
wise, and for one word he is often deemed to be foolish. We ought to be
careful indeed in what we say.
3. 'Our Master cannot be attained to, just in the same way as the
heavens cannot be gone up to by the steps of a stair.
4. 'Were our Master in the position of the ruler of a State or the
chief of a Family, we should find verified the description which has
been given of a sage's rule:-- he would plant the people, and forthwith
they would be established; he would lead them on, and forthwith they
would follow him; he would make them happy, and forthwith multitudes
would resort to his dominions; he would stimulate them, and forthwith
they would be harmonious. While he lived, he would be glorious. When he
died, he would be bitterly lamented. How is it possible for him to be
attained to?'
BOOK XX. YAO YUEH.
CHAP. I.
1. Yao said, 'Oh! you, Shun, the Heaven-determined order of
succession now rests in your person. Sincerely hold fast the due Mean.
If there shall be distress and want within the four seas, the Heavenly
revenue will come to a perpetual end.'
2. Shun also used the same language in giving charge to Yu.
3. T'ang said, 'I the child Li, presume to use a dark-coloured
victim, and presume to announce to Thee, O most great and sovereign God,
that the sinner I dare not pardon, and thy ministers, O God, I do not
keep in obscurity. The examination of them is by thy mind, O God. If, in
my person, I commit offences, they are not to be attributed to you, the
people of the myriad regions. If you in the myriad regions commit
offences, these offences must rest on my person.'
4. Chau conferred great gifts, and the good were enriched.
5. 'Although he has his near relatives, they are not equal to my
virtuous men. The people are throwing blame upon me, the One man.'
6. He carefully attended to the weights and measures, examined the
body of the laws, restored the discarded officers, and the good
government of the kingdom took its course.
7. He revived States that had been extinguished, restored families
whose line of succession had been broken, and called to office those who
had retired into obscurity, so that throughout the kingdom the hearts of
the people turned towards him.
8. What he attached chief importance to, were the food of the people,
the duties of mourning, and sacrifices. 9. By his generosity, he won
all. By his sincerity, he made the people repose trust in him. By his
earnest activity, his achievements were great. By his justice, all were
delighted.
CHAP. II.
1. Tsze-chang asked Confucius, saying, 'In what way should a person
in authority act in order that he may conduct government properly?' The
Master replied, 'Let him honour the five excellent, and banish away the
four bad, things;-- then may he conduct government properly.' Tsze-chang
said, 'What are meant by the five excellent things?' The Master said,
'When the person in authority is beneficent without great expenditure;
when he lays tasks on the people without their repining; when he pursues
what he desires without being covetous; when he maintains a dignified
ease without being proud; when he is majestic without being
fierce.'
2. Tsze-chang said, 'What is meant by being beneficent without great
expenditure?' The Master replied, 'When the person in authority makes
more beneficial to the people the things from which they naturally
derive benefit;-- is not this being beneficent without great
expenditure? When he chooses the labours which are proper, and makes
them labour on them, who will repine? When his desires are set on
benevolent government, and he secures it, who will accuse him of
covetousness? Whether he has to do with many people or few, or with
things great or small, he does not dare to indicate any disrespect;-- is
not this to maintain a dignified ease without any pride? He adjusts his
clothes and cap, and throws a dignity into his looks, so that, thus
dignified, he is looked at with awe;-- is not this to be majestic
without being fierce?' 3. Tsze-chang then asked, 'What are meant by the
four bad things?' The Master said, 'To put the people to death without
having instructed them;-- this is called cruelty. To require from them,
suddenly, the full tale of work, without having given them warning;--
this is called oppression. To issue orders as if without urgency, at
first, and, when the time comes, to insist on them with severity;-- this
is called injury. And, generally, in the giving pay or rewards to men,
to do it in a stingy way;-- this is called acting the part of a mere
official.'
CHAP III.
1. The Master said, 'Without recognising the ordinances of Heaven, it
is impossible to be a superior man.
2. 'Without an acquaintance with the rules of Propriety, it is
impossible for the character to be established.
3. 'Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know
men.'
END
Suggested Further Reading
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Source:
THE CHINESE CLASSICS (CONFUCIAN ANALECTS)
by James Legge. The text has been reformatted by Jayaram V for Hinduwebsite.com. While we have taken every care to reproduce the text
accurately, we do not undertake any responsibility for any errors
or inaccuracies in reproducing the text. |
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